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GRADE
9
WORKBOOK
Teaching the skills of tomorrow...today
Name : ____________________
School : ____________________
Grade : ____________________
DEAR ALL STUDENT GRADE 9C, E
FOR -FINAL 1ST SEMESTER EXAM- ONLY
READ FROM THE HIGHLIGHTED PARTS
BEST OF LUCK....
Hello friends,
I’m Techno Wizard, your new IT friend. Learning computers is easy and I’m
going to make it more easy combined with fun. Teaching computer skills to
you is going to be a whole new power packed experience for the future.
So, what are you waiting for? Turn in and unveil a vast world of
technology at your hands.
P.S. : I’m in there. See you then...
TECHNOKIDS INC. - GRADE 9
1
Copyright c Technokids Inc.
All rights Reserved
Revised Edition
Publisher
Technokids M.E.
TechnoKids Workbook is published by TechnoKids M.E.
Technokids is a trademark of TechnoKids Inc. Copyright © All Rights Reserved.
This book may not be duplicated in whole or in part without the expressed written consent of the
publisher, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for the purposes of review. The information
contained herein is for personal of the reader and may not be incorporated in any other books, published
documents, or any kind of software without written consent of the publisher. Making copies of this book
or any portion for any purpose other than personal use is a violation of international copyright laws.
Limits of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty
The publisher of this book has used their best efforts in preparing the lessons and activities contained.
These efforts include the proper planning, research, development and testing of the theories incorporated
in the programs to determine the effectiveness. The publisher makes no warranty of any kind, expressed
or implied, with regards theories and concepts applied to the program or the documentation contained
in this book.
The publisher shall not be liable in the event of incidental or consequential damages in connection with,
or arising out of, the furnishing, performance or use of the programs, associated instructions and/or
claims of productivity gains.
Trademarks
Trademarked names appear throughout this book. Rather than list the names and entities that own
trademarks or insert a trademark symbol with each mention of the trademarked name, the publisher
states that it is using the names for editorial purposes only and to the benefit of the trademark owner,
with no intention of infringing upon the trademark.
Knowledge Hub,
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Preface
In the present age of technology, computers have become an integral part or our daily life. In fact,
computer literacy has brought to the forefront a pressing need to initiate the learner to all three aspects
of computing – theory, application, and programming.
TechnoKids Workbook is a series of six (6) books appropriately graded for students.
The series has made use of the interactive approach, so that our young readers are drawn into actively
participating in the learning process. There is also an attempt to enhance students’ creativity and
inculcate behavior skills such as sharing and co-operating in the laboratory through this series.
A sojourn through the series will expose the learner to a range of well structured material and instructions,
at every stage of all operations.
Each chapter has a plenty of illustrations, and subject matter along with screen shots of Windows and
Office program environments for explanation and easy understanding.
Our mission is to combine education and technology
to provide children with the core computing skills
that will best prepare them for the future.
ISBN:978-1-940231-25-9
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer
1
Chapter 2: F
undamentals of Internet
and WWW
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Chapter 3: Software
40
Chapter 4: Hardware
53
Chapter 5: Input and Output
69
Chapter 6: Storage
83
4
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPUTER
In this chapter, the students become aware of the history of Computer, start to distinguish
between the generations, the hardware and software, categories of computers.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Today, it is hard to imagine life without computers. They have made a strong impact on our
society. Computers find application in many areas; business, health care, telecommunication,
engineering, entertainment, and education to name a few. In order to fully understand
computers, and their impact on our day-to-day lives, it is important to understand their
evolution.
The development of computers from early calculating devices to the present can be broadly
classified into the following categories:
•
Mechanical calculating devices
•
Electromechanical calculating devices, and
•
Electronic computers
Early Counting Tools
Our ancestor counted with the only counting tools they knew, their fingers and toes. These
were considered the first counting tools. Soon man realized that other objects needed to be
used to keep up with larger numbers. Some of the other counting tools that have been used
throughout time have been stones, knots on ropes (quipu), and notches on sticks, notches
on bones, tally sticks, to name just a few. People used these counting tools to count their
possessions and also to keep tract of the passing of time.
Bones
Quipu
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Abacus
Approximately 4,000 years ago, the Chinese
invented the Abacus. It was the first machine
used for counting and calculating. It is made of a
wooden frame, metal rods, and wooden beads.
Today, the abacus is still used widely in China and
other Asian countries to count and calculate, just
as we use calculators.
John Napier
In the early 17th century, John Napier, a Scottish mathematician, invented another calculating
tool. It used marked strips of wood or bone, side by side, to multiply and divide. This tool
became known as “Napier’s Bones.”
Blaise Pascal 1640
Pascal’s adding machine (Pascaline) – one of the first semiautomatic mechanical devices, the pascaline, was developed by
Blaise Pascal. This brass rectangular box had eight movable dials to
add sums up to eight digits long.
Joseph-Marie Jacquard 1801
Joseph-Marie Jacquard devised a mechanical loom, called
Jacquard’s loom, which made weaving complex patterns a lot easier. The device used
instructions stored on a punched card to control the movement of threads.
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Jacquard’s loom
Joseph Jacquard
Herman Hollerith
Herman Hollerith 1890
Herman Hollerith (Feb 29, 1860 – Nov 17, 1929) was an American statistician and inventor
who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics
from millions of pieces of data. He was the founder of the Tabulating Machine Company that
later merged to become IBM in 1924. Hollerith is widely regarded as the father of modern
machine data processing. With his invention of the punched card evaluating machine the
beginning of the era of automatic data processing systems was marked. His draft of this
concept dominated the computing landscape for nearly a century.
Herman Hollerith
Charles Babbage 1901
English mathematician Charles Babbage, often called the ‘father of the
computer’, proposed a machine called the difference engine to compile
mathematical tables.
Charles Babbage proposed another machine, the analytical engine, which
had the basic elements of a modern general-purpose computer.
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Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace
Much of what we know about Babbage and his machine comes from the papers of Augusta
Ada Byron, countess of Lovelace and daughter of the poet Lord Byron. lady Lovelace was a
genius in math. curious about Babbage’s work, she translated an article about the analytical
engine from French to English. she added some important notes of her own about how the
machine should work. She outlines the fundamentals of computer programming, including
data analysis, looping and memory addressing.
Her work has long outlived her, however. She is now called “the first
programmer,” and a programming language used chiefly by the U.S.
government was named Ada in her honor.
Mark 1 1943
Harvard Mark I – American computer engineer Howard H. Aiken devised the
IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator or Harvard Mark I. It was used for creating
ballistic charts for the US Navy. Though slower in comparison to modern computers (taking
about 3 to 4 seconds per calculation), it could perform basic arithmetic as well as more
complex calculations.
One of the primary programmers for the Mark I was a woman,Grace Hopper. Hopper found
the first computer “bug”: a dead moth that had gotten into the Mark II and whose wings
were blocking the reading of the holes in the paper tape. The word “bug” had been used to
describe a defect since at least 1889 but Hopper is credited
with coining the word “debugging” to describe the work to
eliminate program faults.
The offending moth was taped into the log book alongside the
official report, which stated: “First actual case of a bug being
found.”
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FIRST GENERATION
The first generation computers were huge, slow, expensive, and often undependable.
Vacuum tubes were invented the same time the light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison
and worked very similar to light bulbs. Its purpose was to act like an amplifier and a switch.
Without any moving parts, vacuum tubes could take very weak signals and make the signal
stronger (amplify it). Vacuum tubes could also stop and start the flow of electricity instantly
(switch).
ENIAC and EDVAC 1946
ENIAC is the first general purpose electronic digital computer, as
well as EDVAC, BINAC and UNIVAC I invented by John William
Mauchly was an American physicist who, along with J. Presper
Eckert, designed, the first commercial computer made in the
United States.
UNIVAC 1 1950
UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic Computer 1 was one of
the 1st commercially available computers. One of the UNIVAC’s
impressive early achievements was correctly predicting Dwight
D. Eisenhower’s victory in the 1952 US Presidential Election.
IBM Model 701 1953
The IBM 701, known as the Defense Calculator while in development, was announced to
the public on April 29, 1952, and was IBM’s first commercial scientific computer. Its business
computer siblings were the IBM 702 and IBM 650. It was based on the IAS machine.
IBM 701 process frame
IBM 701 operator’s Console
SECOND GENERATION
The second generation (1954-1959) of computers used transistors for the internal operations.
They used magnetic core for the memory. These machines also used assembly language.
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Transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and
switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed
of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied
to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current
through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled
(output) power can be higher than the controlling (input)
power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but
many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
THIRD GENERATION
Third generation (1959-1971) computers were based on “integrated circuits” (or microchips).
Integrated circuit has several interconnected transistors, Eg: IBM’s 360 series computers.
Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce 1958
Jack St. Clair Kilby (November 8, 1923 – June 20, 2005) was an American
electrical engineer who took part (along with Robert Noyce) in the realization
of the first integrated circuit while working at Texas Instruments (TI) in
1958. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics on December 10, 2000. To
congratulate him, US President Bill Clinton wrote, “You can take pride in the
knowledge that your work will help to improve lives for generations to come.”
He is also the inventor of the handheld calculator and the thermal printer, for
which he has patents.
Robert Norton Noyce (December 12, 1927 – June 3, 1990), nicknamed “the
Mayor of Silicon Valley”, co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and
Intel Corporation in 1968. He is also credited (along with Jack Kelby) with
the realization of the first integrated circuit or microchip which fueled the
personal computer revolution and gave Silicon Valley its name.
AT & T Bell labs 1960
Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known
as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the
research and development subsidiary of Alcatel-Lucent.
The historic laboratory originated in the late 19th century as the
Volta Laboratory and Bureau created by Alexander Graham Bell.
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Bell Labs was also at one time a division of the American
Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T Corporation),
half-owned through its Western Electric manufacturing
subsidiary.
Researchers working at Bell Labs are credited with the
development of radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser,
Bell’s 1893 Volta Bureau building in
the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the Washington, D.C
UNIX operating system, the C programming language, S programming language and the C++
programming language. Seven Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell
Laboratories.
IBM 360 1964
The IBM System/360 Model 30 was a popular IBM mainframe
announced in 1964 across the world as the then least powerful of
the System/360s – the first line of computers in the world to allow
machine language programs to be written that could be used across
a broad range of compatible sizes.
The Model 30 had a maximum main storage of 64K bytes; its CPU used an 8-bit
microarchitecture with only a few hardware registers; everything that the programmer saw
was emulated by the micro program.
Floppy drive 1971
Alan Field Shugart (September 27, 1930 – December 12, 2006) was an
American engineer, entrepreneur and business executive whose career defined
the modern computer disk drive industry.
He began his career at IBM in San Jose, California. He worked on the IBM
305 RAMAC, and rose through a series of increasingly important positions
to become the Direct Access Storage Product Manager,
responsible for its disk storage products. Those were IBM’s
most profitable businesses at that time. Among the groups
reporting to Shugart was the team that invented the floppy
disk.
FOURTH GENERATION
Fourth Generation (1971 – present) computers are based on “microprocessors”. This
generation can be characterized by both the jump to monolithic integrated circuits (millions
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of transistors put onto one integrated circuit chip) and the invention of the microprocessor
(a single chip that could do all the processing of a full-scale computer). By putting millions
of transistors onto one single chip more calculation and faster speeds could be reached by
computers. Because electricity travels about a foot in a billionth of a second, the smaller the
distance the greater the speed of computers.
Atari and Intel processor 1972
A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer’s central
processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a
few integrated circuits. All modern CPUs are microprocessors making
the micro- prefix redundant. The microprocessor is a multipurpose,
programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions
stored in its memory, and provides results as output. It is an example of sequential
digital logic, as it has internal memory. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols
represented in the binary numeral system.
This generational and chronological list of Intel processors attempts to
present all of Intel’s processors from the pioneering 4-bit 4004 (1971)
to the present high-end offerings, which include the 64-bit Itanium
2 (2002), Intel Core 2, and Xeon 5100 and 7100 series processors
(2006). Concise technical data are given for each product.
Apple 1976
Steven Paul “Steve” Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an
American entrepreneur, marketer, and inventor, who were the co-founder,
chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc.
Jobs received a number of honors and public recognition for his influence
in the technology and music industries. He has been referred to as
“legendary,” a “futurist” and a “visionary,” and has been described as
the “Father of the Digital Revolution,” a “master of innovation,” “the master evangelist of the
digital age” and a “design perfectionist.”
Stephen Gary “Steve” Wozniak (born August 11, 1950), known as “Woz”,
is an American inventor, electronics engineer, and computer programmer
who co-founded Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) with Steve Jobs and
Ronald Wayne. Wozniak single-handedly designed both the Apple I and
Apple II computers in the late 1970s. These computers contributed
significantly to the microcomputer revolution.
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Apple II, Commodore PET, TRS-80 1977
The Apple II (styled as apple) is an 8-bit home computer, one of the
first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products, designed
primarily by Steve Wozniak, manufactured by Apple Computer (now Apple
Inc.) and introduced in 1977. It is the first model in a series of computers
which were produced until Apple II e production ceased in November 1993.
The Commodore PET (Personal Electronic Transactor) is a home/personal
computer produced in 1977 by Commodore International. A top-seller in
the Canadian and United States educational markets, it was Commodore’s
first full-featured computer, and formed the basis for their entire 8-bit
product line.
TRS-80 (“Tandy/Radio Shack, Z-80 microprocessor”) was a brand
associated with several desktop microcomputer lines sold by Tandy
Corporation through their Radio Shack stores.
Motorola Processor 1979
The Motorola MC10800 was a 4-bit bit-sliced processor designed by
Motorola and introduced in 1979. It was implemented in ECL logic and was
part of the M10800 family.
The 6800 (“sixty-eight hundred”) was an 8-bit microprocessor designed
and first manufactured by Motorola in 1974. The MC6800 microprocessor
was part of the M6800 Microcomputer System that also included serial
and parallel interface ICs, RAM, ROM and other support chips.
IBM PC 8086 Processor 1981
The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM
PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC
compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150,
and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a
team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don
Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton,
Florida.
The generic term “personal computer” was in use before 1981, applied as early as 1972 to
the Xerox PARC’s Alto. However, because of the success of the IBM Personal Computer, the
term PC came to mean more specifically a desktop microcomputer compatible with IBM’s PC
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products. Within a short time of the introduction, third-party suppliers of peripheral devices,
expansion cards, and software proliferated; the influence of the IBM PC on the personal
computer market was substantial in standardizing a platform for personal computers.
In 1981 International Business Machines (IBM), one of the world’s largest companies
dominated the computer industry.
Apple Lisa first GUI 1983
The Lisa is a personal computer designed by Apple
Computer, Inc. during the early 1980s. It was the first
personal computer to offer a graphical user interface in an
inexpensive machine aimed at individual business users.
Development of the Lisa began in 1978.
In 1982, after Steve Jobs was forced out of the Lisa project,
he joined the Macintosh project. The Macintosh is not
a direct descendant of Lisa, although there are obvious
similarities between the systems. The final revision, the Lisa 2/10, was modified and sold as
the Macintosh XL.
Macintosh 1984
The Macintosh, or Mac, is a line of personal computers (PCs)
designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It was
initially targeted mainly at the home, education, and creative
professional markets. Since the introduction of the Macintosh,
the computer has seen significant evolution, now making it one
of the most powerful general purpose computers on the market.
It now targets the business, science, and law markets as well.
Steve Jobs introduced the Macintosh 128K on January 24, 1984.
This was the first mass-market personal computer featuring a
graphical user interface and mouse. The 128 was followed by
numerous updated models also based on the Motorola 68000 family processors, producing
a family of products in the Macintosh lineup. Although the aggressively priced IBM Personal
Computer soon overtook Apple in sales, Macintosh systems found success in education and
desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer until 1994 when it
was overtaken by Compaq.
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CD ROM 1985
CD-ROM is a pre-pressed optical compact disc which
contains data. The name is an acronym which stands for
“Compact Disc Read-Only Memory”. Computers can read
CD-ROMs, but cannot write on the CD-ROM’s which are not
writable or erasable.
Pentium Processor 1993
The Intel Pentium microprocessor was introduced on March
22, 1993. Its microarchitecture, dubbed P5, was Intel’s fifthgeneration and first superscalar IA-32 microarchitecture. As
a direct extension of the 80486 architecture, it included dual
integer pipelines, a faster floating-point unit, wider data bus,
separate code and data caches and features for further reduced
address calculation latency. In 1996, the Pentium with MMX
Technology (often simply referred to as Pentium MMX) was introduced with the same basic
microarchitecture complemented with an MMX instruction set, larger caches, and some other
enhancements.
AMD Athlon and Pentium III processor 1999
Athlon is the brand name applied to a series of x86compatible microprocessors designed and manufactured by
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). The original Athlon (now
called Athlon Classic) was the first seventh-generation x86
processor and, in a first, retained the initial performance
lead it had over Intel’s competing processors for a significant
period of time. The original Athlon also had the distinction of
being the first desktop processor to reach speeds of one gigahertz (GHz). AMD has continued
using the Athlon name with the Athlon 64, eighth-generation processor featuring x 86-64
(later renamed AMD64) architecture, and the Athlon II.
The Athlon made its debut on June 23, 1999. Athlon comes from the Greek (athlos) meaning
″contest. The Pentium III (marketed as Intel Pentium III Processor, informally PIII, also
stylized as Pentium !!! ) brand refers to Intel’s 32-bit x86 desktop and mobile microprocessors
based on the sixth-generation P6 microarchitecture introduced on February 26, 1999. The
brand’s initial processors were very similar to the earlier Pentium II-branded microprocessors.
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Pentium 4 Processor 2000
Pentium 4 is a line of single-core desktop and laptop central
processing units (CPUs) introduced by Intel on November 20,
2000 and shipped through August 8, 2008. They had a 7th
-generation x86 microarchitecture, called NetBurst, which was
the company’s first all-new design since the introduction of the
P6 microarchitecture of the Pentium Pro CPUs in 1995. NetBurst
differed from P6 (Pentium III, II, etc.) by featuring a very deep
instruction pipeline to achieve very high clock speeds. Intel claimed that NetBurst would allow
clock speeds of up to 10 GHz; however, severe problems with heat dissipation (especially with
the Prescott Pentium 4) limited CPU clock speeds to a much lower 3.8 GHz.
In 2004, the initial 32-bit x86 instruction set of the Pentium 4 microprocessors was extended
by the 64-bit x86-64 set.
Multi core Processor Opteron Series Processor AMD 2005
Opteron is AMD’s x86 server and workstation processor line, and was the
first processor which supported the AMD64 instruction set architecture
(known generically as x86-64). It was released on April 22, 2003 with
the SledgeHammer core (K8) and was intended to compete in the server
and workstation markets, particularly in the same segment as the Intel
Xeon processor. Processors based on the AMD K10 microarchitecture
(codenamed Barcelona) were announced on September 10, 2007 featuring a new quad-core
configuration. The most-recently released Opteron CPUs are the Pile driver-based Opteron
4300 and 6300 series processors, codenamed “Seoul” and “Abu Dhabi” respectively.
Intel Core Duo 2006
Core 2 is a brand encompassing a range of Intel’s consumer 64-bit
x86-64 single-, dual-, and quad-core microprocessors based on the
Core microarchitecture. The single- and dual-core models are singledie, whereas the quad-core models comprise two dies, each containing
two cores, packaged in a multi-chip module. The introduction of Core
2 relegated the Pentium brand to the mid-range market, and reunified
laptop and desktop CPU lines, which previously had been divided into the Pentium 4, Pentium
D, and Pentium M brands.
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FIFTH GENERATION
5th Generation (Present and Beyond) Still Being
Developed, Natural Language- This language is
designed to give people a more human connection
with computers. Uses multi-media has also defined this
generation. There is a great deal of “bundled software”
with this generation.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is also
an academic field of study. Major AI researchers and textbooks define the field as “the study
and design of intelligent agents”, where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its
environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who
coined the term in 1955, defines it as “the science and engineering of making intelligent
machines”.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the computer application that has fueled the continual effort to
create faster and more powerful machines. The goal of AI is to develop computers that can
perform functions normally reserved for humans: thinking, talking, seeing, feeling, walking,
and learning from their mistakes.
Artificial Intelligence Technology Trends
The current trend in AI development is moving toward limited, focused applications. Rather
than attempting to perform the broad range of tasks humans can perform, modern AI
systems focus on simulating specialized human function. Instead of replacing humans, the
goal of AI has shifted to augmenting human capabilities rather than supplanting them.
The three primary areas of artificial intelligence application are cognitive science, natural
interfaces, and robotics.
COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEM
A computer system comprises hardware, software and
networks.
Hardware: The physical components of a computer system are
called hardware. A computer system basically consists of the
following physical components.
System Unit, Input Devices, Output Devices, I/O devices
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COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
Hardware Overview
Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system.
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as the
monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit
(graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical
objects that can be touched. In contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run
by hardware.
a. system unit
c. output devices
b. input devices
e. Communication devices
d. Storage devices
Software Overview
Software is a set of computer programs ( a set of instructions that perform a particular task),
procedures, and associated documentation related to the effective operation of a computer
system. Software directs the computer to perform input operations, process the data, and
output the results. It is classified in to the following categories.
•
System software
•
Application software
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER
PERSONAL COMPUTER
The microcomputer is the most common type of
computer. Microchips are used in these computers.
Desktop Computer
Microcomputers are usually called desktop personal
computers or desktop PCs.
Desktop computers consists of : a base units, or
tower unit, that contains a CPU and backing storage
devices, input devices normally a mouse and key
board, output devices typically a screen, projector,
printer and speakers.
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Advantages
Easily upgraded to include new software or
hardware
They are relatively robust and can be used
almost continually for very long periods of time
It is possible to ‘mix and match’
specifications and components, in effect
creating a custom made machine
Monitors come in a range of sizes and qualities
and can be chosen specifically to suit the
user’s preferences
It is easy to replace an individual part if
damaged or burn out
They can run a vast range of software, often
simultaneously.
They can be physically screwed down thus
making them fairly secure from theft.
Disadvantages
Desktop PCs are not easily portable. They are
large and heavy.
They require a large amount of permanent
office space.
They need a fan to prevent overheating. Thus
they can be fairly noisy.
They can only be run on main electricity and
need to be situated near to a power point.
New advances in technology means that PCs
get out of date very quickly
Portable Computer
Portable computers are smaller than desktop PCs and can be easily
carried around. The most common type of portable computer is the laptop
which, as the name suggests, will fit comfortably on a user’s lap. Other
types of portable computer include palmtops and PDAs (Personal Digital
Assistants); these are much smaller than laptops and will fit in a shirt or
jacket pocket. Both palmtops and PDAs can be linked to user’s laptop
allowing data to be synchronized so that it is the same on both devices.
Advantages
They are portable and very easy to carry around.
They can be used almost anywhere e.g. airports
They are light to carry. Older laptops were
fairly heavy, but advances in technology and
much improved batteries have allowed them
to become very lightweight.
They are compact and can be easily stored in
a standard briefcase.
They can replace almost all of the functions of
a Desktop PC
They make use of the same peripheral
equipment as the desktop e.g. printers
They are quiet to run as unlike a Desktop PC,
there is often only a small (or no) cooling fan
creating a noise.
TECHNOKIDS INC. - GRADE 9
Disadvantages
They are more expensive to purchase than a
similar Desktop PC
They cannot be expanded in the same way as
a Desktop PC e.g. new graphics cards, more
memory.
They are attractive to thieves and can be
easily stolen.
They are fairly expensive to repair. They are
easily damaged if dropped.
Can run on battery power for only a relatively
short time, usually between 1-6 hours.
The screen may be small if needed for detailed
work e.g., CAD/CAM design, The keyboards can
be cramped if used for long periods of time.
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Handheld Computer
A handheld PC, or H/PC for short, is a computer built around a form factor
which is smaller than any standard laptop computer. It is sometimes
referred to as a palmtop. The first hand-held device compatible with
desktop IBM personal computers of the time was the Atari Portfolio of
1989. Other early models were the Pocket PC of 1989 and the Hewlett
Packard HP 95LX of 1991. Other DOS - compatible hand - held computers also existed.
A typical PDA has a touchscreen for entering data, a memory card slot for data storage, and
Bluetooth and/or Wi-Fi.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Small, can easily be fitted into a pocket or The screen small
handbag
Lightweight to carry – typically 200g
Keyboards tend to be small and cramped
Simple to use
Where a stylus is used to handwrite, a new
language called Graffiti needs to be learnt
Long battery life compared with laptop (up to They cannot be easily upgraded
30 hours)
Power up immediately when they are turned They cannot be used for such a wide range of
on, no need to go through boot up sequence tasks as the laptop or Desktop
Many have cut down versions of common They are easy to steal.
office software.
They can be connected to a desktop PC or They can be damaged if dropped.
Laptop and the files can be transferred over.
Many (but not all) Palmtops and PDAs are They have a relatively small amount of memory
much lower in cost than PCs or Laptops
and cannot store large amounts of data.
WORKSTATION
A workstation is a special computer designed for
technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily
to be used by one person at a time, they are
commonly connected to a local area network and run
multi-user operating systems. The term workstation
has also been used loosely to refer to everything from
a mainframe computer terminal to a PC connected
to a network, but the most common form refers to
the group of hardware offered by several current and
defunct companies such as Sun Microsystems, Silicon Graphics, Apollo Computer, DEC, HP
and IBM which opened the door for the 3D graphics animation revolution of the late 1990s.
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Midrange Server
Midrange computers, or midrange systems, are a class of
computer systems which fall in between mainframe computers and
microcomputers.
IBM favored the term ‘midrange computer’ for their comparable more
business-oriented System/3, System/34, System/32, System/36,
System/38, and AS/400 ranges.
Since the 1990s, when the client–server model of computing became
predominant, computers of the comparable class are instead universally known as servers to
recognize that they usually “serve” end users at their “client” computers.
Mainframe Computer
Mainframe computers (colloquially referred to as “big iron”)
are computers used primarily by corporate and governmental
organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing such
as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource
planning and transaction processing.
The term originally referred to the large cabinets called “main
frames” that housed the central processing unit and main memory
of early computers. Later, the term was used to distinguish highend commercial machines from less powerful units. Most large-scale
computer system architectures were established in the 1960s, but continue to evolve.
Advantages
Disadvantages
They are used by large companies such as – They are very expensive
Gas and Electricity suppliers – for billing
Banks- for managing accounts
They are operated by specialist, trained Ordinary users normally use a terminal to
personnel and kept in air-conditioned rooms access the system.
away from the office or factory floor.
Supercomputer
A supercomputer is a computer at the frontline of contemporary processing capacity –
particularly speed of calculation which can happen at speeds of nanoseconds.
Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s, made initially and, for decades, primarily by
Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), Cray Research and subsequent companies
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bearing his name or monogram. While the supercomputers of the 1970s used only a few
processors, in the 1990s machines with thousands of processors began to appear and, by the
end of the 20th century, massively parallel supercomputers with tens of thousands of “offthe-shelf” processors were the norm. As of November 2013, China’s Tianhe-2 supercomputer
is the fastest in the world at 33.86 petaFLOPS, or 33.86 quadrillion floating point operations
per second.
Supercomputer main uses
Weather forecasting
Space exploration
Advanced scientific research
Military establishment – weapons research
Pharmaceutical \ Drug testing
Supercomputers cost over a hundred million pounds to build and need specifically designed
rooms and environments to ensure that they operate efficiently
There can be many miles of cables which connect the computer to the various peripherals. In
ordered to hide this, false floors and ceilings are often needed
Smoke detectors are essential to help detect any fires immediately
The atmosphere must be kept free of dust particles. Special filters have to be installed to
ensure that the air is kept clean.
Supercomputers generate so much heat that an air conditioning system is required.
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EXERCISES
Answer the following questions
1)
Who is called the ‘Father of the computers’?
___________________________________________________________________
2)
Who invented the tabulating machine?
___________________________________________________________________
3)
Name the first general purpose electronic digital computer?
___________________________________________________________________
4)
Computers of which generation were based on transistors?
___________________________________________________________________
5)
IBM’s PC and Apple’s Macintosh are examples of which generational computers?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
6)
Where is AT & T Bell labs located?
___________________________________________________________________
7)
What is the use of Floppy Drive and who was invented?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
8)
What is Desktop Computer?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
9)
What is workstation?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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10) Write any two advantages of main-frame computer?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
11) Write any two dis-advantages of super computer?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
12) Write briefly about portable computer?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
13) Write short notes on handheld computer?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Long-answer questions
1)
Write short notes on the following
A.
ABACUS
a.
ABACUS
B. JACQUARD’S LOOM
C. HARVARD MARK1
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
b.
JACQUARD’S LOOM
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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c.
HARVARD MARK1
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
1)
Write short notes on Personal Computers?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Multiple choice questions
1)
2)
3)
What did first generation computers use for circuitry?
a.
transistors
b.
vacuum tubes
c.
integrated circuits
d.
microprocessors
What did second generation computers use for circuitry?
a.
transistors
b.
vacuum tubes
c.
integrated circuits
d.
microprocessor
What was the main technology used in third generation computers?
a.
vacuum tubes
b.
integrated circuits
c.
microprocessors
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d.
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
artificial intelligence
What was the main technology used in fourth generation computers?
a.
vacuum tubes
b.
integrated circuits
c.
microprocessors
d.
artificial intelligence
Fifth generation computers are based on which of the following?
a.
vacuum tubes
b.
integrated circuits
c.
microprocessors
d.
artificial intelligence
The Pascaline was developed by
a.
Blaise Pascal
b.
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz
c.
Charles Babbage
d.
Herman Hollerith
…………..
The Analytical Engine was designed by
a.
Blaise Pascal
b.
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz
c.
Charles Babbage
d.
Herman Hollerith
Harvard Mark I was
a.
a manual calculating device
b.
a semi-automatic calculating device
c.
an electromechanical calculating device
d.
an electronic computer
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9)
A computer developed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.
a.
ABC
b.
Macintosh
c.
ENIAC
d.
Z3
10) What are the examples of electromechanical calculating devices?
a.
The Tabulating machine and Harvard Mark I
b.
ENIAC, EDVAC
c.
EDSAC, ENIAC
d.
EDVAC, UNIVAC I
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Chapter 2
UNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET
F
AND WWW
In this chapter, the students understand the ABCs of Internet and WWW.
INTERNET
The internet is a global system of interconnected
computer networks that use the standard internet protocol
suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide.
It is an international network of networks that consists
of millions of private, public, academic, business, and
government packet switched networks, linked by a broad
array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies.
Advantages
Information is more up-to-date;
Information can be accessed at any time
of day or night;
Information is available as sound and
video as well as text;
Information can be obtained direct from
experts using chat and e-mail
Information is presented in electronic
format allowing it to be reused.
Using the internet is more interesting
than working with books in a library.
Disadvantages
Some sources of information are unreliable,
biased or incorrect
Access to information can be slow unless an
expensive high-speed connection is available
Information cannot be accessed if computers
break down or the internet connection is
broken.
People need to know how to use a computer in
order to access the information.
It can take longer to find the right information
compared with being told which books to look
in.
Internet Activities
Individuals, organizations, businesses and governments use the Internet to accomplish a
number of activities. It is sub divide into categories:
•
Communication
•
Entertainment
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•
Electronic Commerce
•
Research
•
Distance Learning
COMMUNICATION
One of the most important ways information technology is used today is to
distribute exchange and share information. Electronic communication systems are
what we use to do this. Here are some ways to share information:
Electronic Mail
E-mail or electronic mail, is sued to send messages from one computer to
another. Email can be sent between computers on a local area network or
between computers on the internet.
Chat Room
The term chat room, or chat room, is primarily used to describe any
form of synchronous conferencing, occasionally even asynchronous
conferencing.
Synchronous conferencing is the formal term used in computing,
in particular in computer-mediated communication, collaboration and
learning, to describe technologies informally known as online chat. It is
sometimes extended to include audio/video conferencing or instant messaging systems that
provide a text-based multi-user chat function. In contrast, Asynchronous conferencing
is the formal term to describe technologies where there is a delay in interaction between
contributors.
Instant Messaging
Instant messaging (IM) is a type of online chat which offers real-time text
transmission over the Internet.
Blog
A blog is a website where someone (usually a normal person - not a
professional writer) writes about a topic. It can be personal (someone
writing about their own life, or their personal views), based on an interest
(e.g. football), or some businesses also use blogs to write about new
products, etc. It allows someone to be a writer and publisher on the Web
with very little effort or cost.
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The word ‘blog’ is an abbreviation of ‘web log’.
Social Networks
A social network website is a site that allows user to connect with
other users who are friends / relatives, or who share similar interests.
Connected users can then share information / pictures / files with
each other, send messages, chat, etc.
Message Board or Internet forum
An Internet forum, or message board, is an online discussion
site where people can hold conversations in the form of posted
messages. They differ from chat rooms in that messages are often
longer than one line of text, and are at least temporarily archived.
Also, depending on the access level of a user or the forum set-up, a
posted message might need to be approved by a moderator before it
becomes visible.
Forums have a specific set of jargon associated with them; e.g. a single conversation is called
a “thread”, or topic.
Streaming Video Sites
Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and
presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider
Live streaming, which refers to content delivered live over the Internet,
requires a camera for the media, an encoder to digitize the content, a
media publisher, and a content delivery network to distribute and deliver
the content.
Telecommuting
Telecommuting is a work arrangement in which employees do not commute
to a central place of work. A person who telecommutes is known as a
telecommuter.
File Transfer Protocol
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to
transfer computer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based
network, such as the Internet.
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ENTERTAINMENT
Using computer for entertainment purposes is a common activity among Internet users of all
ages. Computers are adept of outdoing almost all entertainment devices.
Online Games
An online game is a video game played over some form of computer
network. This network is usually the internet or equivalent technology,
but games have always used whatever technology was current:
modems before the Internet, and hard wired terminals before modems.
Music and Video
Music and Video from various Internet sources can
be downloaded and played on computers. Moving
Picture Expert Group Layer III (MP3) is the most
widely used music file format. While for videos
there are many formats such as MPEG, MP4 and
WMV formats.
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
Electronic commerce, commonly known as E-commerce or e-Commerce, is
trading in products or services conducted via computer networks such as the
Internet.
It is commonly divided into two categories; business-to-consumer (B2C) and
business-to-business (B2B).
RESEARCH
Search Engines are software programs available at Web sites that stores
searchable snapshots of the information found on millions of other Web sites.
DISTANCE LEARNING
Distance education, distance learning, d-learning, or D-Learning is a
mode of delivering education and instruction, often on an individual
basis, to students who are not physically present in a traditional
setting such as a classroom. It provides access to learning when the
source of information and the learners are separated by time and
distance, or both. Distance education courses that require a physical
on-site presence for any reason (including taking examinations)
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have been referred to as hybrid or blended courses of study. Massive open online courses
(MOOCs), aimed at large-scale interactive participation and open access via the web or other
network technologies, are a recent development in distance education.
Education was a high priority in the Progressive Era, as all high schools and colleges
expanded greatly in the world.
LINKING TO THE INTERNET
Millions of people throughout the world are able to connect to the Internet. But to connect
you to the internet, you need computer, a modem, telephone line and last is an Internet
Service Provider (ISP). An internet service provider is a commercial organization which
provides a connection to the Internet for other businesses or individuals.
DIFFERENT INTERNET CONNECTION
Dial-up connection
The simplest way to connect to the Internet is to use a dialup connection. This type of connection requires a computer
with a modem and access to a telephone line. Because
dial-up access uses normal telephone lines the quality of the
connection is not always good and data rates are limited.
Typical Dial-up connection speeds range from 2400 bps to 56
Kbps.
SYSTEM
MODEM
Digital Signal
MODEM
Analog
SYSTEM
Digital Signal
Digital Subscriber Line
Digital subscriber line (DSL, originally digital subscriber loop)
is a family of technologies that provide Internet access by
transmitting digital data over the wires of a local telephone
network. This is possible because DSL uses higher frequency
bands for data. DSL connection speeds range from 128 Kbps to
9 Mbps.
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Cable Modem
A cable modem is a type of Network Bridge and modem
that provides a broadband Internet connection that is
designed to operate over cable TV lines. Cable modems
are having high bandwidth for extremely fast access. Cable
providers typically implement a cap to limit capacity and
accommodate more customers. Cable speeds range from
512 Kbps to 20 Mbps.
Wireless
Wireless networking is used to meet many needs. Perhaps the most
common use is to connect laptop users who travel from location
to location. Instead of using telephone or cable networks for your
Internet connection, you use radio frequency bands. Wireless
Internet provides an always-on connection which can be accessed
from anywhere — as long as you geographically within a network
coverage area.
Satellite
Internet over Satellite allows a user to access the Internet via
a satellite that orbits the earth. A satellite is placed at a static
point above the earth’s surface, in a fixed position. Because of
the enormous distances signals must travel from the earth up to
the satellite and back again, It is slightly slower than high-speed
terrestrial connections over copper or fiber optic cables. Typical
Internet over satellite connection speeds (standard IP services)
average around 492 up to 512 Kbps.
ROUTING THE INTERNET
Web navigation refers to the process of navigating a network of information resources in the
World Wide Web, which is organized as a hypertext or hypermedia. Surfing is an activity to
know how to navigate using browser to access the web.
WEB BROWSER
A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a
software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing
information resources on the World Wide Web. An information
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resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page,
image, video or other piece of content.
The 4 most popular web browsers are Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and
Safari.
Capabilities of Browser
•Automatic identification and connection to any local port providing a connection to the
Internet
•
HTML code viewing (the language of web pages)
•
Java applet support(special programs written for the web)
•Easy-to-use interfaces that allow for control commands such as a favorites list, a stop
access button, and a go-back button.
INTERNET PROTOCOL
Web browsers locate material on the Internet using IP – Internet Protocol addresses. An IP
address works like an Internet Phone number. It is a four-group series of numbers separated
by periods, such as 207.171.181.16, representing a server on the Internet.
Since remembering IP numbers would be difficult, every computer also has corresponding
Web address called a Uniform (or Universal) Resource Location (URL). A URL constitutes a
pathname describing where the information can be found on the internet.
WEB PAGE
A Web page is the term for a single document
viewable on the WWW. A web site comprises all
of the web pages composing the site. The first
web page displayed when a Website is accessed
is usually the site’s home page. Like the table of
contents in a book, the home page is an overview
of the information and features contained within
the site.
HTML
HTML or Hyper Text Markup Language is the standard markup language used
to create web pages.
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HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets
(like <html>). HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>, although
some tags represent empty elements and so are unpaired. This called markup language.
A Hypertext document presents information enhanced with link to other document. This
presentation method allows user to read only basic information or clicks the link to access
additional information on another web page. Technically called a hyperlink, a web link is any
element on the screen that is coded in HTML used on web pages as a means of navigating
around.
XML
XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language
•
XML was designed to transport and store data.
•
HTML was designed to display data.
•
XML is a markup language much like HTML
•
XML was designed to carry data, not to display data
•
XML tags are not predefined. A user must define a user own tags
•
XML is designed to be self-descriptive
•
XML is a W3C Recommendation
XML Does Not DO Anything
Maybe it is a little hard to understand, but XML does not DO anything. XML was created to
structure, store, and transport information.
XML is Not a Replacement for HTML
•
XML is a complement to HTML.
•It is important to understand that XML is not a replacement for HTML. In most web
applications, XML is used to transport data, while HTML is used to format and display
the data.
•
XML is a software- and hardware-independent tool for carrying information
The Difference between XML and HTML
•
XML is not a replacement for HTML.
•
XML and HTML were designed with different goals:
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•
XML was designed to transport and store data, with focus on what data is
•
HTML was designed to display data, with focus on how data looks
•
HTML is about displaying information, while XML is about carrying information.
AUDIO, VIDEO AND ANIMATION ELEMENT
Most computer users are accustomed to the basic elements of a web
page that attract and hold the interest of those viewing the page, such
as text, photos, and links. Various mini programs make these additional
possible, including Java applets, and plug-ins such as Shockwave, Apple
QuickTime, Adobe Acrobat Reader, and Flash Player.
Java Applets
Java applet is a small application which is written in Java and delivered
to users in the form of bytecode. (Java applets are small Java programs
Web browsers run. An applet is the term for a miniature program). It
can appear in a frame of the web page, a new application window.
Cookies
A cookie, also known as an HTTP cookie, web cookie, or browser cookie, is a small piece of
data sent from a website and stored in a user’s web browser while the user is browsing that
website.
Plug ins
A plug-in (or plugin, extension, or add-on / addon) is a software
component that adds a specific feature to an existing software
application. When an application supports plug-ins, it enables
customization. The common examples are the plug-ins used in web
browsers to add new features such as search-engines, virus scanners, or
the ability to utilize a new file type such as a new video format.
ADVERTISEMENT
Advertisement is a notice or announcement in a public medium promoting a product, service,
or event or publicizing a job vacancy.
Advertising on the World Wide Web is a recent phenomenon. Prices of Web-based advertising
space are dependent on the “relevance” of the surrounding web content and the traffic that
the website receives.
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Banner
A web banner or banner ad is a form of advertising on the World Wide Web delivered by
an ad server. It is intended to attract traffic to a website by linking to the website of the
advertiser. The advertisement known as a “click through.” In many cases, banners are
delivered by a central ad server.
Pop-up Window
Pop-up ads or pop-ups are often forms of online advertising on
the World Wide Web intended to attract web traffic or capture
email addresses. Pop-ups are generally new web browser
windows to display advertisements.
Blind Links
Some links misrepresent their true function. A frequently
encountered example is a link with wording such as “Next
Page”, that actually directs viewers to an advertising web
page. This deception is called a blind link, and reputable web
page designers consider it bad form.. A blind link is a link on a
web page that does not take a user to the web address that it
is supposed to.
Hi-Jacker
A Browser Hijacker is a program that changes the home page or
search settings of an installed web browser without user permission.
VALUING THE INTERNET COMMUNITY
Internet users around the world form a community and, like
any social organization, the community exhibits the entire
range of behavior, from considerate and creative to insulting and damaging.
The word netiquette is a combination of ’net’ (from internet) and ’etiquette’. It means
respecting other users’ views and displaying common courtesy when posting your views to
online discussion groups
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Netiquette is a collection of rules and guidelines that define good Net behavior.
The basic rules
•Refrain from personal abuse. You may express robust
disagreement with what someone says, but don’t call
them names or threaten them with personal violence.
•Don’t spam. That is, don’t repeatedly post the same
advertisement for products or services. Most sites have
strict and specific rules about who is allowed to post ads
and what kind of ads they are.
•Write clearly and succinctly. On a site that has many non-native English speakers, avoid
using slang they may not understand.
•Remember that your posts are public. They can be read by your partner, your children,
your parents, or your employer.
•Stay on-topic, especially when you’re new. Don’t post about football in a hair-care forum
or about hair care in a gardening forum!
•Don’t expect other people to do your homework for you. If you’re looking for technical
help, for example, don’t ask questions you could easily answer yourself by reading the
manual or online help provided with the product. When you do ask for help, include
details of what attempts you’ve made to solve the problem. It will save time and also
show people that you are making an effort to help yourself.
•Do not post copyrighted material to which you do not own the rights. Sites vary in how
strict they are about this, but as well as facing the possibility of legal action by the rights
holder, you may also get the site sued.
•The site’s owner, perhaps assisted by one or more moderators, has the final say in
enforcing the rules.
•
Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in a real life
•
know where you are in cyberspace
•
respect other people’s time and bandwidth
•
make yourself look good online
•
share expert knowledge
•
help keep flame wars under control
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•
respect other people’s privacy
•
don’t abuse your power
E-mail Suggestion
Some specific suggestions for composing and sending e-mail may help in
using netiquette. The ease with which e-mail can be composed and send
makes it very easy to make mistakes that might be regretted later. There
are several very important points to remember when writing and sending
e-mail messages:
•
Once sent, they cannot be retrieved
•
A permanent copy of an e-,ail message probably remains
•
E-mail is easily forwarded or copied.
For these reasons it is always a good idea to avoid sending any e-mail messages that have
been written in anger or haste. It is better to save the e-mail, and then look at it again later
when emotions have cooled. If the writer still feels that the e-mail should be sent, she still
has that option. However, in most cases she will realize that sending the e-mail would not be
a good idea, and may be something she should later regret. Once the send button is clicked,
it is too late to do anything.
Spam: Unwanted Communication
E-Mail Spam – An example of bad Net behavior is the significant
and growing number of e-mail messages that are considered junk
e-mail, or spam.
Spam is the name given to unsolicited e-mails (ones sent without
being asked for).Spam e-mails usually contain adverts for
products...
Lawmakers are contemplating further measures to control spam, since the e-mail servers that
must receive all of this unwanted mail require billions of dollars’ worth of extra capacity just
to process and screen and spam floods, which grow larger each year.
MODERATED ENVIRONMENT
Moderated environments are the answer for many people who want to avoid the seedy
side of the Net. Many chat rooms, message boards, and mailing lists have a moderator,
an individual with the power to filter messages and ban people who break the rules. Rules
violations can be anything from hurling insults to simply straying off-topic.
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