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11SAT BIO REVISION
____
1. Selective cutting of trees instead of clear cutting is an example of practicing
a. old growth forestry.
b. species rotation.
c. sustainable development.
d. gear review.
____
2. Which of these is a way to make fisheries more sustainable?
a. Use more fishing boats.
b. Reduce harvests.
c. Focus on only a few species.
d. Catch umbrella species.
____
3. A species whose protection also protects other species is called
a. a sustainable species.
b. an invasive species.
c. an introduced species.
d. an umbrella species.
____
4. The recovery of the bald eagle is partly a result of which law?
a. Clean Air Act
b. Clean Water Act
c. Endangered Species Act
d. National Parks Act
____
5. Which of these is a way in which governments can protect ecosystems?
a. setting aside areas as public land
b. cutting down forests
c. increasing fish harvests
d. introducing invasive species
____
6. An infectious particle made of a strand of nucleic acid surrounded by protein is a
a. bacteria.
b. virus.
c. viroid.
d. prion.
____
7. An infectious particle made only of protein is called a
a. virus.
b. bacteria.
c. prion.
d. viroid.
____
8. Any organism or particle that can cause an infectious disease is called a
a. bacteria.
b. virus.
c. viroid.
d. pathogen.
____
9. Which of the following are infectious RNA particles that cause disease in plants?
a. viroids
b. prions
c. viruses
d. bacteria
____ 10. Which of the following are one-celled prokaryotes?
a. viruses
b. bacteria
c. prions
d. viroids
____ 11. What part of a virus determines which host the virus infects?
a. receptor molecules
b. plasma membrane
c. surface proteins
d. nucleic acids
____ 12. Viruses that infect bacteria are called
a. bacteriophages.
b. helical viruses.
c. polyhedral viruses.
d. prophages.
____ 13. In which of the following types of infection will the infected host cell burst?
a. lysogenic infection
b. prophage infection
c. provirus infection
d. lytic infection
____ 14. The protein shell of a virus is called a
a. capsid.
b. spike.
c. tail sheath.
d. envelope.
____ 15. When viral DNA combines with the host cell's DNA, the viral DNA becomes a
a. virion.
b. prophage.
c. capsid.
d. membrane.
____ 16. Which of the following is a rapid outbreak of an infection that affects many people?
a. an influenza
b. an epidemic
c. a provirus
d. a mutation
____ 17. HIV is considered a retrovirus because it
a. has a high mutation rate.
b. returns many times.
c. uses RNA to make DNA.
d. attacks the white blood cells.
____ 18. A substance that stimulates the body's immune response against future invasion by microbes is a
a. vaccine.
b. receptor.
c. mutation.
d. retrovirus.
____ 19. When HIV causes a lysogenic infection, it can remain dormant for years. When it becomes a lytic infection, it
a. causes no symptoms.
b. destroys white blood cells.
c. mutates infrequently.
d. can no longer cause AIDS.
____ 20. For which of the following viral diseases is there a vaccine?
a. the common cold
b. HIV
c. SARS
d. influenza
____ 21. E. coli is a eukaryotic cell with a rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan. _________________________
____ 22. Most bacteria are autotrophic. _________________________
____ 23. Some bacteria can produce plasmids that help them survive harsh environmental conditions.
_________________________
____ 24. Viruses can reproduce on their own, so biologists consider them to be nonliving.
_________________________
____ 25. A virus can reproduce only by controlling a cell. _________________________
____ 26. Viruses consist of RNA or DNA surrounded by a coat of protein. _________________________
____ 27. During a lysogenic cycle, the viral genetic material replicates and the host cell is destroyed.
_________________________
____ 28. A viroid is a misshapen version of a protein found in the brain. _________________________
____ 29. Viroids are single strands of RNA that infect many plants. _________________________
____ 30. Bacteria play an important role in the environment by decomposing organic matter.
_________________________
____ 31. Koch’s postulates are used to kill the pathogen that causes a disease. _________________________
____ 32. Tuberculosis is a disease of the respiratory system caused by a virus. _________________________
____ 33. Some Archaean molecules are more similar to molecules in
a. bacteria.
c. eukaryotic organisms.
b. viruses.
d. cyanobacteria.
____ 34. The chromosomes of bacteria
a. contain numerous types of organelles.
b. are divided into compartments.
c. vary in number, depending on the species of bacteria.
d. contain a single circular piece of DNA.
____ 35. Structures found in bacterial cells but not in eukaryotic cells are
a. nuclei.
c. membrane-bound organelles.
b. linear chromosomes.
d. circular chromosomes.
____ 36. Refer to the illustration above. Organism B has a shape similar to that of
a. Micrococcus.
c. Streptococcus.
b. Bacillus.
d. Leptospira.
____ 37. Refer to the illustration above. The shape represented by Organism A applies to the bacterial genus
a. Streptococcus, which causes strep throat.
b. Leptospira, which can cause urinary tract infections in humans.
c. Bacillus, which produces antibiotics.
d. Penicillium, which produces penicillin.
____ 38. Refer to the illustration above. The shape represented by Organism C is called
a. a coccus.
c. a bacillus.
b. a spirillum.
d. filamentous.
____ 39. Bacteria often have small extra loops of DNA called
a. nucleoids.
c. plasmids.
b. pili.
d. prions.
____ 40. Cell organelles that Escherichia coli and other bacteria have in common with eukaryotes are
a. chloroplasts.
c. nuclei.
b. mitochondria.
d. ribosomes.
____ 41. It is important to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in diagnosing a bacterial
infection because
a. Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria differ in their response to different antibiotics.
b. Gram-positive bacteria never cause fatal diseases.
c. Gram-positive bacteria destroy antibiotics, preventing them from working.
d. Gram-positive bacteria do not respond to many antibiotics.
____ 42. One difference between the cells in a human body and bacterial cells is that bacterial cells have
a. an outer cell wall made up of lipids.
b. an outer cell wall made up of carbohydrates and proteins.
c. no DNA.
d. no ribosomes.
____ 43. Bacterial cells have
a. a cell wall only.
b. a cell membrane only.
c. both a cell membrane and an outer cell wall.
d. a cell wall inside their cell membrane.
____ 44. Escherichia coli is an example of a bacterium that has
a. a thin layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall.
b. a thick layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall.
c. a shape called a coccus.
d. a cell wall but no cell membrane.
____ 45. Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs because they require
a. oxygen.
c. inorganic chemicals.
b. carbon dioxide.
d. light.
____ 46. chemoautotrophic bacteria : inorganic molecules::
a. chemotrophic bacteria : dead organisms
b. photoautotrophic bacteria : sunlight
c. photosynthesis : nitrogen fixation
d. heterotrophic bacteria : photosynthesis
____ 47. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
a. repair nitrogen-damaged soybean roots.
b. damage the environment by using atmospheric oxygen to produce toxic nitrogen
compounds.
c. convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form of nitrogen.
d. convert ammonia in the soil into nitrogen gas.
____ 48. Bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli transfer pieces of genetic material in a process called
a. binary fission.
c. conjugation.
b. mitosis.
d. sexual reproduction.
____ 49. Bacteria that cause botulism may survive in canned food for a long time because
a. the can was left open.
b. some cans may contain viruses that protect the bacteria.
c. the bacteria may form endospores.
d. sterilized cans do not have enough oxygen to harm the bacteria.
____ 50. Bacterial endospores
a. are formed when there is plenty of available food.
b. allow certain species to survive harsh environmental conditions.
c. are similar to human tumors.
d. can cause growth abnormalities in plants.
____ 51. We know viruses are not alive because they
a. are made of cells.
b. make prions rather than proteins.
c. they are autotrophic.
d. they are not made of cells.
____ 52. The study of viruses is a part of biology because viruses
a. belong to the domain Archaea.
c. are living organisms.
b. are about to become extinct.
d. are active inside living cells.
____ 53. A typical virus consists of a
a. protein coat and a cytoplasm core.
b. carbohydrate coat and a nucleic acid core.
c. protein coat and a nucleic acid core.
d. polysaccharide coat and a nucleic acid core.
____ 54. Biologists now know that viruses
a. are the smallest organisms.
b. consist of a protein surrounded by a nucleic acid coat.
c. contain RNA or DNA in a protein coat.
d. all form the same crystalline shape.
____ 55. Refer to the illustration above. Which structure represents protein?
a. structure B
c. structure D
b. structure A
d. structure E
____ 56. The function of a bacteriophage’s tail and tail fibers is to inject
a. viral protein into the host cell.
c. glycoproteins into the host cell.
b. viral enzymes into the host cell.
d. viral DNA into the host cell.
____ 57. The capsid of a virus is the
a. protective outer coat.
b. cell membrane.
c. nucleus.
d. cell wall and membrane complex.
____ 58. A provirus is part of a virus’s
a. lytic cycle.
b. conjugation cycle.
c. infection cycle.
d. lysogenic cycle.
____ 59. How is a lytic cycle different from a lysogenic cycle?
a. The host cell is destroyed in a lysogenic cycle.
b. The host cell is destroyed in a lytic cycle.
c. A provirus is formed during a lytic cycle.
d. A lytic cycle releases temperate viruses.
____ 60. A virulent virus is one that
a. has only DNA.
b. has only RNA.
c. reproduces only with a lysogenic cycle.
d. reproduces only with a lytic cycle.
____ 61. In a lytic cycle, viral genetic material
a. remains separate from the host cell’s DNA.
b. becomes part of the host cell’s DNA.
c. becomes a provirus.
d. remains in the host cell permanently.
____ 62. The cycle of viral infection, replication, and cell destruction is called the virus’s
a. lysogenic cycle.
c. lytic cycle.
b. metabolic cycle.
d. provirus cycle.
____ 63. Viroids are
a. much smaller than viruses.
b. much larger than viruses.
c. misshapen proteins.
d. found in the brain.
____ 64. Prions
a. always have a capsid.
b. cause abnormal growth in plants.
c. change the shape of normal proteins.
d. are made of RNA.
____ 65. Mining companies harvest copper or uranium by using
a. photosynthetic bacteria.
c. cyanobacteria.
b. heterotrophic bacteria.
d. chemoautotrophic bacteria.
____ 66. The procedure used to identify the pathogen that causes a disease is
a. Fleming’s postulates.
c. steps of transmission.
b. method of contagion.
d. Koch’s postulates.
____ 67. Which of the following is not one of Koch’s postulates?
a. When the isolated pathogen is injected into a healthy animal, the animal must develop the
disease.
b. The pathogen must be found in an animal with the disease and not in a healthy animal.
c. The healthy animal must be shown to be susceptible to the pathogen before it is injected
with the disease.
d. The pathogen must be isolated from a sick animal and grown in a laboratory culture.
____ 68. Bacteria cause disease by
a. forming endospores.
b. transduction.
c. forming toxins.
d. bursting host cells.
____ 69. A bacterial disease caused by bacteria that use human tissue for nutrients is
a. tuberculosis.
c. measles.
b. food poisoning.
d. hepatitis B.
____ 70. A pathogen is an agent that is
a. beneficial to humans.
b. harmful only to plants.
c. harmful to living organisms.
d. nearly extinct.
____ 71. Antibiotic resistance
a. arises by mutation in an infected person.
b. may prevent bacteria from making new cell walls.
c. can be prevented by widespread use of antibiotics.
d. arises naturally in bacteria.
____ 72. Viruses can be transmitted only
a. through sexual contact.
b. through the sharing of nonsterile needles.
c. through the air.
d. if the virus is brought in close contact with a host cell.
____ 73. Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections because
a. viruses are protected inside their host cells.
b. viruses have enzymes that inactivate the antibiotics.
c. antibiotics interfere with metabolic processes that viruses do not perform.
d. viral protein coats block the antibiotics from entering the virus.
____ 74. An emerging disease that might mutate, spreading to humans as a new host, is
a. tuberculosis.
c. hanta virus.
b. SARS.
d. bird flu.
75. A spiral-shaped bacterium is called a(n) ____________________.
76. A round-shaped bacterium is called a(n) ____________________.
77. A rod-shaped bacterium is called a(n) ____________________.
78. Structurally, bacteria have one of two types of ____________________ that can be distinguished by the Gram
stain.
79. The procedure used to distinguish between two types of bacterial cell wall structures is called
____________________.
80. The cell walls of bacteria are composed of ____________________, a protein-carbohydrate compound.
81. Bacteria that get both energy and nutrients from other organisms are ____________________.
82. Bacteria that obtain their energy from inorganic molecules that contain sulfur or nitrogen, rather than
obtaining energy from the sun, are called ____________________ bacteria.
83. Protective structures that some bacteria may form under harsh conditions are ____________________.
84. Viruses reproduce by infecting ____________________.
85. Segments of nucleic acids contained in a protein coat are called ____________________.
86. Bacterial viruses with a polyhedral head attached to a helical tail are called ____________________.
87. The protein coat of a virus is called a(n) ____________________.
88. All viruses reproduce by taking over the machinery of a(n) ____________________.
89. A viral reproductive cycle in which the host cell is not killed is a(n) ____________________ .
90. Infectious single strands of RNA that have no capsid are called ____________________.
91. A soybean plant possesses ____________________ bacteria in swellings on its roots.
92. Viruses are used in _________________ as a way to deliver genetic material directly to target cells..
93. A disease-causing agent is a(n) ____________________.
94. The German physician who established a procedure for diagnosing causes of infection was
____________________.
95. The four-step procedure used by biologists as a guide to identify pathogens is called ____________________.
96. The most common way bacteria cause disease is by producing poisonous chemicals called
____________________.
97. A(n) ____________________ is a substance that inhibits the growth of or kills microorganisms and can be
used as a drug to fight pathogenic bacteria.
98. The human immunodeficiency virus causes ____________________.
99. The process by which a dead or disabled pathogen (or proteins from that pathogen) is introduced into the
body so that an immune response results without an actual infection is called ____________________.
100. A pathogen that mutates so it can infect a new host can cause a(n) _________________.
101. Where can bacteria of domain Archaea live that bacteria of domain Bacteria cannot?
102. What is a nucleoid in a bacterial cell?
103. What substance causes Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to stain differently with Gram stain?
104. What bacterium lives in root nodules and converts nitrogen from the air into a form that plants can use?
105. How do bacteria usually reproduce?
106. What is the function of the membranous envelope that surrounds the protein coat of a virus?
107. Why are viruses so specific in the cells they infect?
108. What is a viral lytic cycle?
109. How are viruses used in gene therapy?
110. Why have some antibiotics become ineffective against certain strains of bacteria?
111. What part of the body does the virus that causes chickenpox and shingles infect?
112. What term is used to refer to a disease that spreads to a new area or a new host?
113. A new disease has suddenly appeared, and scientists are trying to determine whether the disease agent is a
virus or a bacterium. They collect the following information:
1.
The disease can be transmitted through the air.
2.
The disease agent is too small to be seen under a compound microscope.
3.
There are no known antibiotics that are effective against the disease.
4.
The genetic material of the disease agent is DNA.
5.
The disease agent cannot be cultured using any known culture medium.
Is the disease agent most likely a bacterium or a virus? Explain your answer.
114. Viruses are not considered to be living organisms, but they are still studied as part of biology. Explain.
115. Explain why viruses are not considered to be living.
116. What are five ways you can get contagious diseases?
117. Antibiotics are generally effective against bacterial infections but cannot be used to treat viral infections. Why
is this the case?
11SAT BIO REVISION
Answer Section
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C
PTS: 1
REF: act0976aaf18007e1ad_81
NAS.NSES.SCI.96.9-12.C.4.5 | NAS.NSES.SCI.96.9-12.F.4.3
16.5 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
B
PTS: 1
REF: act0976aaf18007e1ad_89
NAS.NSES.SCI.96.9-12.C.4.5 | NAS.NSES.SCI.96.9-12.F.4.3
16.5 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
D
PTS: 1
REF: act0976aaf18007e1ad_97
NAS.NSES.SCI.96.9-12.F.4.3
TOP: 16.5 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
C
PTS: 1
REF: act0976aaf18007e1ad_105
16.5 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
A
PTS: 1
REF: act0976aaf18007e1ad_113
NAS.NSES.SCI.96.9-12.C.4.5 | NAS.NSES.SCI.96.9-12.F.4.3
16.5 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
B
PTS: 1
REF: act0976aaf18007e1c4_81
18.1 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
C
PTS: 1
REF: act0976aaf18007e1c4_89
18.1 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
D
PTS: 1
REF: act0976aaf18007e1c4_97
NAS.NSES.SCI.96.9-12.F.1.2
TOP: 18.1 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
A
PTS: 1
REF: act0976aaf18007e1c4_105
18.1 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
B
PTS: 1
REF: act0976aaf18007e1c4_113
18.1 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
C
PTS: 1
REF: act0976aaf18007e1c6_81
18.2 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
A
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REF: act0976aaf18007e1c6_89
18.2 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
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18.2 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
A
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18.2 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
B
PTS: 1
REF: act0976aaf18007e1c6_113
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NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
B
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REF: act0976aaf18007e1c8_81
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TOP: 18.3 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
C
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REF: act0976aaf18007e1c8_89
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TOP: 18.3 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
A
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18.3 Quiz
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TOP: 18.3 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
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REF: act0976aaf18007e1c8_113
NAS.NSES.SCI.96.9-12.F.1.2 | NAS.NSES.SCI.96.9-12.F.1.3
18.3 Quiz
NOT: 978-0-618-78317-5
F, prokaryotic
PTS: 1
DIF: II
22. ANS: F, heterotrophic
OBJ: 20.1.2
PTS: 1
DIF: III
23. ANS: F, endospores
OBJ: 20.1.3
PTS: 1
24. ANS: F, cannot
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.1.4
1
DIF: II
T
20.2.1 | 20.2.3
T
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F, lytic
OBJ: 20.2.1
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II
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DIF:
I
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28. ANS: F, prion
DIF: I
OBJ: 20.2.3
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DIF: I
OBJ: 20.2.4
PTS: 1
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20.1.4 | 20.3.3
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F, identify
PTS: 1
DIF: II
32. ANS: F, bacterium
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76. ANS: coccus
DIF: I
OBJ: 20.1.1
PTS: 1
77. ANS: bacillus
DIF: I
OBJ: 20.1.1
PTS: 1
78. ANS: cell walls
DIF: I
OBJ: 20.1.1
PTS: 1
DIF: II
79. ANS: Gram staining
OBJ: 20.1.2
PTS: 1
DIF: II
80. ANS: peptidoglycan
OBJ: 20.1.2
PTS: 1
81. ANS: heterotrophs
OBJ: 20.1.2
DIF: II
PTS: 1
DIF: I
82. ANS: chemoautotrophic
OBJ: 20.1.3
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OBJ:
OBJ:
OBJ:
20.1.4
20.2.1
20.2.1
20.2.2
20.2.2
20.2.2
20.2.2
20.2.2
20.2.3
20.2.3
20.2.3
20.2.3
20.2.3
20.2.4
20.2.4
20.3.1
20.3.2
20.3.2
20.3.3
20.3.3
20.3.3
20.3.4
20.3.5
20.3.5
20.3.6
PTS: 1
83. ANS: endospores
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.1.3
PTS: 1
84. ANS: cells
DIF: I
OBJ: 20.1.4
PTS: 1
85. ANS: viruses
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.2.1
PTS: 1
DIF: I
86. ANS: bacteriophages
OBJ: 20.2.2
PTS: 1
87. ANS: capsid
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.2.2
PTS: 1
88. ANS: cell
DIF: I
OBJ: 20.2.2
PTS: 1
DIF: II
89. ANS: lysogenic cycle
OBJ: 20.2.3
PTS: 1
90. ANS: viroids
DIF: I
OBJ: 20.2.3
PTS: 1
DIF: I
91. ANS: nitrogen-fixing
OBJ: 20.2.4
PTS: 1
DIF: II
92. ANS: gene therapy
OBJ: 20.3.1
PTS: 1
93. ANS: pathogen
OBJ: 20.3.1
DIF: II
PTS: 1
DIF: I
94. ANS: Robert Koch
OBJ: 20.3.2
PTS: 1
DIF: II
95. ANS: Koch’s postulates
OBJ: 20.3.2
PTS: 1
96. ANS: toxins
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.3.2
PTS: 1
97. ANS: antibiotic
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.3.3
PTS: 1
98. ANS: AIDS
DIF: I
OBJ: 20.3.4
PTS: 1
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.3.5
99. ANS: vaccination
PTS: 1
DIF: II
100. ANS: emerging disease
OBJ: 20.3.5
PTS: 1
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.3.6
101. ANS:
in extreme environments such as salt lakes and hot springs
PTS: 1
DIF: III
OBJ: 20.1.1
102. ANS:
a single chromosome that is clustered in a mass
PTS: 1
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.1.1
103. ANS:
peptidoglycan in the cell wall of the bacteria
PTS: 1
104. ANS:
Rhizobium
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.1.2
PTS: 1
105. ANS:
by binary fission
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.1.3 | 20.3.1
PTS: 1
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.1.4
106. ANS:
It helps the virus gain entry into a host cell.
PTS: 1
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.2.2
107. ANS:
Viruses identify their hosts by specific receptors on the host’s cell surface.
PTS: 1
DIF: III
OBJ: 20.2.3
108. ANS:
a reproductive cycle of viral infection, replication, and cell destruction
PTS: 1
DIF: I
OBJ: 20.2.3
109. ANS:
as a way to deliver genetic material directly into target cells
PTS: 1
DIF: III
OBJ: 20.3.1
110. ANS:
These bacteria have developed resistance, which may be passed on from one generation of bacteria to the
next.
PTS: 1
111. ANS:
nerve cells
DIF: III
OBJ: 20.3.4
PTS: 1
112. ANS:
emerging disease
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.3.5
PTS: 1
DIF: I
OBJ: 20.3.6
113. ANS:
The disease agent is most likely a virus. Like bacteria, many viruses can be transmitted through the air.
Almost all viruses are too small to be seen under a compound microscope, although many bacteria also are
too small to be seen under a compound microscope. Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses, while there are
antibiotics that are effective against most bacteria. The genetic material of viruses may be DNA or RNA, and
the genetic material of bacteria is always DNA. Viruses cannot be cultured on artificial media, while most
bacteria can be cultured. Facts 2, 3, and 5 provide the most significant information indicating that the disease
agent is a virus.
PTS: 1
DIF: III
OBJ: 20.1.1 | 20.2.2 | 20.3.3 | 20.3.6
114. ANS:
Viruses are active inside living cells, making viruses an important part of the study of biology. Viruses
contain genetic material and can evolve as this material changes over time.
PTS: 1
DIF: III
OBJ: 20.2.1
115. ANS:
Viruses are segments of nucleic acids contained in a protein coat. Because viruses are not cellular, cannot
reproduce on their own, do not grow, do not maintain homeostasis, and do not metabolize, biologists do not
consider viruses to be living.
PTS: 1
DIF: III
OBJ: 20.2.1
116. ANS:
person-to-person contact, through the air, in contaminated food or water, and on contaminated objects such as
doorknobs and kitchen sponges
PTS: 1
DIF: III
OBJ: 20.3.2 | 20.3.3
117. ANS:
Antibiotics work by killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. Since viruses do not undergo cellular
processes, do not grow, and cannot be killed (since they are not alive), they are not influenced by the actions
of antibiotics. Thus, antibiotic treatment is ineffective against viral infections.
PTS: 1
DIF: III
OBJ: 20.3.5