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The Age of Exploration THE WORLD WOULD NEVER BE THE SAME WHY? Motives for Exploration=The 3 G’s ▪ Gold & spices-Asian spices were in high demand but political instability along the silk road made trade difficult/ a sea route to Asia would cut cost of Asian goods (Europeans wouldn’t have to pay Italian merchants who added cost to goods for a profit)/ and gold-who doesn’t want gold!! ▪ God-European rulers were Christian and wanted to spread their religion ▪ Glory-the greater the wealth of a nation-the greater the power they have HOW? New Technology=Access to Explore ▪ Astrolabe-used to find latitude ▪ Compass-used to find direction ▪ Carotgraphy-update maps with new areas explored ▪ Triangular sails-allowed ships to sail in any direction the wind blew ▪ Much knowledge came from Arab merchants who brought ideas with them as they traded=cultural diffusion Ptolemy ▪ Greek geographer ▪ Drew maps of the world for his book Geography ▪ Recorded latitude & longitude of over 8,000 locations ▪ Printing press made maps more available to sailors & explorers WHO was exploring? ▪ Portugal, Spain, France & England ▪ All had ports on Atlantic Ocean ▪ All eager to find sea routes to Asia ▪ Portugal took the lead because England & France were still fighting with each other over religion and Spain was fighting with Muslims Portugal-1400’s ▪ Prince Henry the Navigator-sent expeditions to sail to Africatraded goods for gold to sponsor more exploration ▪ Seized (took) the Azores, Madeira and Cape Verde islands (off western coast of Africa) ▪ 1488-Bartolemeu Dias-sailed to southern tip of Africa ▪ 1497-Vasco da Gama rounded tip of Africa and landed in India=water route to Asia Spain joins the race-1492 ▪ Christopher Columbus sailed for King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella of Spain ▪ Went west across Atlantic Ocean with 3 ships (Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria) ▪ Landed in the Caribbean-San Salvadore, Cuba and Hispaniola(present day Haiti & Dominican Republic) Explorers encounter Natives ▪ The Taino were the native people of the islands Columbus landed on ▪ At first he traded with them ▪ He brought back parrots, gold, spices, and several Taino as proof of his success ▪ He believed he landed in Asia ▪ 1507-Amerigo Vespucci realized Columbus discovered a “New World”=America 1493-Columbus returns ▪ Columbus brought soldiers with him to conquer the natives. ▪ Taino were frightened of the conquistadors (soldier-explorers)Spanish had guns, cannons, and horses ▪ The Spanish enslaved and killed the Taino people ▪ 1494-Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas dividing the territory of the “New World” Ferdinand Magellan ▪ Sailed an exploration voyage for Spain ▪ Goal was so sail west around America to Asia ▪ Discovered Strait of Magellan at tip of South America ▪ Made it to new ocean and named it the Pacific ▪ Reached the Philippines-died in a battle there ▪ His crew continued to sail and made it back to Spain-1st to circumnavigate (sail around) the world Early English & French Explorers look for northern water route John Cabot-(England)explored coast of Newfoundland & Nova Scotia Verrazano-explored & mapped much of eastern N.Am Cartier-sailed St. Lawrence River to Montreal-claimed much of Canada for France Map of Exploration Routes Spainish conquistadors conquer Mexico and Peru Cortes-conquers Aztecs Pizarro-conquers the Inca Natives couldn’t survive ▪ Natives were frightened & shocked by the advanced weaponry of the conquistadors-guns, horses & cannons ▪ Natives were not immune to germs & diseases of the conquistadors/smallpox decimated the native population European Powers Settle in the Americas ▪ Viceroys ruled Spanish colonies in N. & S. Am-had 2 goals: to bring $ back to Spain and convert natives to Christianity ▪ Spanish used natives that survived smallpox as slaves to work on their plantations(sugarcane, tobacco, coffee and cotton=cash crops) and mines(gold & silver) ▪ Pedro Cabral-claimed Brazil for Spain ▪ French-establish settlements in N. Am for fur trade and some in Caribbean (sugar & cotton plantations) ▪ England-colonies in N.Am-Puritans(religious freedom) ▪ Dutch-N.Am & Asia-trading empire through efficient transportation of goods It’s all about the $$$ ▪ Mercantilism=economic theory that a country’s power was in proportion to its wealth ▪ This theory drove European powers to settle colonies in Americas ▪ They exploited the natives for the natural resources they didn’t have in Europe ▪ Commercial Revolution=new business methods ▪ Development of commerce=buying & selling of goods over large distances ▪ Birth of entrepreneurs=invest $ in a project/business in order to make a profit ▪ Joint stock companies-sell stock to spread out risk-investors put $ in hope of a share in profit Age of Exploration=sharing of goods, ideas and diseases=Columbian Exchange