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regression coefficient - when the regression line is linear (y = ax + b) the regression coefficient is the
constant (a) that represents the rate of change of one variable (y) as a function of changes in the
other (x); it is the slope of the regression line
Correlation - A causal, complementary, parallel, or reciprocal relationship, especially a structural,
functional, or qualitative correspondence between two comparable
Dependent variable - The observed variable in an experiment or study whose changes are
determined by the presence or degree of one or more independent variables.
Independent variable - A manipulated variable in an experiment or study whose presence or degree
determines the change in the dependent variable.
Scatter diagram - a graph that plots along two axes at right angles to each other the relationship
between two variable quantities, such as height and weight
Straight line - a line traced by a point traveling in a constant direction; a line of zero curvature
Fitted line – a line fitted to noised data
Residual - 2. (Mathematics & Measurements / Statistics) Statistics
a. the difference between the mean of a set of observations and one particular observation
b. the difference between the numerical value of one particular observation and the
theoretical result
Intercept - The coordinate of a point at which a line, curve, or surface intersects a coordinate axis.
constant term - is a number that appears as an addend in a formula, such as
Slope -The rate at which an ordinate of a point of a line on a coordinate plane changes with respect
to a change in the abscissa.
Parameter - A quantity, such as a mean, that is calculated from data and describes a population.
Population - The set of individuals, items, or data from which a statistical sample is taken. Also called
universe.
PRF - pulse recurrence frequency
Estimates - To calculate approximately
Estimator - Statistics a derived random variable that generates estimates of a parameter of a given
distribution, such as X̄ , the mean of a number of identically distributed random variables Xi. If X̄ is
unbiased, x̄, the observed value should be close to E(Xi)
Unbiased - not affected by any extraneous factors, conflated variables, or selectivity which influence
its distribution; random
Efficient - Exhibiting a high ratio of output to input.
Consistent - Having at least one common solution, as of two or more equations or inequalities.
Elasticity - a measure of the sensitivity of demand for goods or services to changes in price or other
marketing variables, such as advertising
Dispersion - The degree of scatter of data, usually about an average value, such as the median.
Standard error - The standard deviations of the sample in a frequency distribution, obtained by
dividing the standard deviation by the total number of cases in the frequency distribution.
Two-sided test - A test which rejects the null hypothesis when the test statisticTis either less than or
equal tocor greater than or equal tod, wherecanddare critical values.
Test of significance - A test of a hypothetical population property against a sample property where
an acceptance interval is used as the rule for rejection.
Confidence interval - An interval which has a specified probability of containing a given parameter or
characteristic.
Significance level - For a test, the probability of false rejection of the null hypothesis. Also known as
significance level.
Confidence level - The probability in acceptance sampling that the quality of accepted lots
manufactured will be better than the rejectable quality level (RQL); 90% level indicates that accepted
lots will be better than the RQL 90 times in 100.
Rejection region - One may be faced with the problem of making a definite decision with respect to
an uncertain hypothesis which is known only through its observable consequences. A statistical
hypothesis test, or more briefly, hypothesis test, is an algorithm to state the alternative (for or
against the hypothesis) which minimizes certain risks.
Critical value - In statistics, a critical value is the value corresponding to a given significance level.
This cutoff value determines the boundary between those samples resulting in a test statistic that
leads to rejecting the null hypothesis and those lead to a decision not to reject the null hypothesis. If
the absolute value of the calculated value from the statistical test is greater than the critical value,
then the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted, and vice versa.
Statistically significant - n statistics, a result is called significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by
chance. "A statistically significant difference" simply means there is statistical evidence that there is a
difference; it does not mean the difference is necessarily large, important or significant in the usual
sense of the word.