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Religious Realms Introduction Religion can be defined as a set of beliefs and practices through which people seek mental and physical harmony with the powers of the universe, through which they attempt to influence and accommodate the awesome forces of nature, life, and death Introduction Religion produces variations that can be mapped as culture regions Spatial variations produced by cultural diffusion The spatial pattern of religion is visibly imprinted on the cultural landscape Religion very often lies at the root of conflict between cultural groups Introduction Proselytic religions (Universal or Global) Actively seek new members Their goal is the conversion of all humankind Ethnic religions Identified with some particular ethnic or tribal group Does not seek converts – Proselytic religions sometimes grow out of ethnic religions—Christianity from Judaism Mormons on Bikes • How would the nature (ethnic versus universal) of the religion affect the way it? – Disperses – how many people are members – the demographics of the members? • How are Buddhism and Judaism examples of an exception to this rule? Religions of the World Christianity Islam Buddhism Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Limited diffusion of ethnic religions More tied to physical environment Universal religions usually compete with/intrude on ethnic religions Examples of mingling: Christianity with African ethnic religions Buddhism with Confucianism in China and with Shinto in Japan Ethnic religions can diffuse with migration Hinduism Judaism All Religions Universalizing • In general vs. • Seeks to appeal to all • proselytic = to attempt to convert, recruit Ethnic Religions • Appeals to a single group living in one place • tied to phys. environment • Holy Places • tied to life of founder • Both involve pilgrimages = religious journeys to sacred places • Celebration of the • Celebration of the • Calendar founder’s life seasons • Cosmogony Beliefs about• God creates nature/physical origin of the environment universe • Diffusion • God = nature • incorporates events from phys. environment • precise origins/hearth, • tied to a specific founder • • usually widespread unclear or unknown origins, not tied to a specific founder, Ltd. diffusion, usually tied to geography of a location. Can diffuse thru relocation World Religions Universalizing • Major – Christianity (1) – Islam (2) – Buddhism • Minor – Sikhism – Bahá’í Ethnic • • • • • • • Hinduism (3) Chinese “folk” religions Confucianism Daoism Shinto Judaism Ethnic African religions – Animism Maps and Religion Type • How do these differing map types help you to understand if the religion is universal or ethnic? You can also divide religions by the way they view God polytheistic- more than one diety monotheistic- one diety animistic- inanimate objects such as mountains, boulders, rivers and trees possess spirits and should be revered Terms • branch: a large and fundamental division within a • • • • religion denomination: is a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body sect: a relative small group that has broken away from an established branch/denomination – heretic: one who disagrees with church doctrine sectarianism: conflict arising from perceived differences between subdivisions of a group adherents: a believer or supporter Example: Branches of Christianity Basic Principles of Diffusion Religions that exist primarily in stage two and three countries are going to be growing. The Islamic religion is dominant in the Middle East, Indonesia, parts of Africa and some parts of Asia. Most if not all of these countries are in stage two or three making the religion the fastest growing religion (percentage). Islam is also a universal or Proselytic religion meaning that it is trying to gain converts Christianity, also a universal religion is currently the largest religion and exists throughout the world in a wide range of countries. It exists in stage four countries / areas (Europe, Australia, and America) as well as stage three countries (Latin American) and stage two countries (African). But this religion does not have the fast growth that Islam has. Diffusion of Ethnic Religions Ethnic religions like the Hindu faith do not try and gain followers outside of the faith. These religions grow or shrink just through population growth This limits the religion's ability to gain followers. And because religious artifacts are quite often connected to a local area and its materials, the religion has a hard time gaining followers outside of the local ethnic group. Sometimes religious holidays are based off of the agricultural cycles (how does that make it local), or to local geographic features like the Ganges river. Ganges River How is the river an example of a local physical feature that belongs to an ethnic religion? Diffusion and Nationalism in Ethnic Religions Ethnic religions like the Hindu faith spread over areas usually through relocation diffusion. People that once lived in the region of the religion grew up with the local landscape that was of value to the religion. They grew up in a community of followers and everything around them (local materials, calendar, their ethnic group, and clothing styles) connected them to their religion. What would happen if malls came the area? India's Politics In the case of India there are Hindu nationalists who believe the country's policies should be dominated by the values of the Hindu religion. They quite often play a large role in rewriting the history texts for schools to indoctrinate the citizens of the country. This quite often does not go over well with the Muslim community. They see this party as a threat and the Hindu party is quite often against globalization. Why? Barriers and time-distance decay Religion can act as a barrier to the spread of nonreligious innovations Religious taboos can function as absorbing barriers Can prevent diffusion of foods and drinks Mormons are forbidden to consume products containing caffeine Some Pennsylvania Dutch churches prohibit cigarette smoking, but not the raising of tobacco by member farmers for commercial markets Christianity • As of the early 21st century, Christianity has between 1.5 billion and 2.1 billion adherents. Christianity represents about a quarter to a third of the world's population and is the world's largest religion. In addition, Christianity is the state religion of several countries. • With an estimated number of adherents that ranges between 1.5 billion and 2.1 billion, split into around 34,000 separate denominations, Christianity is the world's largest religion. The Christian share of the world's population has stood at around 33 per cent for the last hundred years. • This masks a major shift in the demographics of Christianity; large increases in the developing world (around 23,000 per day) have been accompanied by substantial declines in the developed world, mainly in Europe and North America (around 7,600 per day) • In most countries in the developed world, church attendance among people who continue to identify themselves as Christians has been falling over the last few decades. Some sources view this simply as part of a drift away from traditional membership institutions, while others link it to signs of a decline in belief in the importance of religion in general. Christianity • largest world religion – about 2 billion adherents – Many adherents in Europe, the Americas • Three major branches – Roman Catholicism (51% of all Christians) – Protestant Christianity (24%) • Denominations include Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist, Anglican, Presbyterian, Episcopal etc. – Eastern Orthodox (11%) – Other (14%) • Coptic (Egypt), Ethiopians, Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), Jehovah’s Witnesses Christianity in America Second Map • Why is this second map better? American Religious Concentrations. Why? Baptist → Southeastern U.S. Largely indigenous religion = “American Calvinism” At first, welcomed African-Americans who were rejected by mainline Protestantism Later during Civil War Era Appeals to southern whites as manifestation of regional pride (supports slavery, white supremacism, etc.) Blacks leave to form breakaway churches but still selfidentify as “baptist” Therefore, Strong regional clustering of black and white southerners Lack of in-migration (due to little industrialization) maintains homogeneity of “baptists” American Religious Concentrations. Why? Catholics Northeast, Rust Belt Germans (some Southern Catholic) & Irish Catholics (mid1800s) Pushed by industrialization, stage 2 → overpop., lack of econ. opp. Potato famine, British abuse/eviction from land Early 1900s immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe Poles, Italians, other Catholics (+ Russian Jews) Pushed by industrialization, stage 2 → overpop., lack of econ. opp. Other cultural factors (see migration notes) Why Northern cities = Industrial jobs Southwestern US/US-Mexican border Proximity to Latin American source area of origin since WWII Latin America in stage 2 Farm laborers, illegal immigration How does this reflect Gravity model and Ravenstein’s laws? American Religious Concentrations. Why? Lutherans → Upper Midwest/Northern Great Plains Northern Germans and Scandinavians bring Lutheranism Cultural preadaptation attracted Northern Europeans to a climate an farmland similar to their homeland. RRs and state govts. recruited farmers (mid-to-late 1800s) Chain migration occurred as relatives continued to arrive. Remained dominant because of a lack of in-migration During the next great wave of European immigration (early 1900s), new immigrants with different religions came to Northern Great Pl lack of industrialization, urbanization and/or economic opportunity. Physical environment is arid (lack of water) discouraged the in-migration of oth religions (non-Lutherans) American Religious Concentrations. Why? Mormons → Great Basin, Desert West, Utah Internal migration for religious freedom, avoid persecution Remained dominant because of a lack of in-migration Not industrialized/urbanized Inhospitable climate = very dry/arid desert. • Branches – Roman Catholics-52 percent, Protestants 21, Eastern 10 and 22 percent in no branch – In Europe, Roman Catholics dominate the south and protestants the north – Eastern orthodox churches originated in Eastern Europe and the Middle East – Roman Catholics make up 93 percent of Latin American Christians – In North Am, Catholics are clustered in the southwest and the northeast and Quebec – Protestants make up 28 percent of the US population – Baptists have the largest membership of the protestants in the United States at 35 million Origin of Christianity Hearth “Holy Land”, Israel/Palestine, Jerusalem Founder: Jesus Jewish sect Diaspora spreads Jews Roman Empire Eventually transforms into separate religion St. Paul → “Gentiles” sect of Ethnic Judaism → Universalizing To Europe Diffusion of Christianity Roman Empire relocation missionaries contagious to “pagans” Hierarchical Conversion of those in authority Global Secondary hearths Roman Catholicism = Rome/Vatican City Orthodox = Constantinople/Istanbul Protestantism = Germany Relocation Imperialism/migration Relate to life of Christ Jerusalem Golgotha (Calvary) Holy Sepulchre Via Dolorosa Gethsemane Bethlehem (birth) Nazareth (childhood) Later sites associated with saints and “miracles” Examples Lourdes, France Fatima, Portugal Christian Holy Places Christian Churches more critical than in other religions affects landscape Tall, centrally located Style reflects cultural influences Orthodox = pointed domes Beliefs Protestant = simple Availability of building materials Christianity Calendar Relate to life of Jesus Easter Christmas Disposal of the Dead Burial Church yard Feet toward Jerusalem Cemeteries reflect religion Connected to Jewish/pagan on the cultural landscape seasonal holidays Serve as green space in Jesus was a Jew Syncretic appeal to win newly industrializing cities pagan converts Differences between branches Catholic use “Gregorian” Orthodox use “Julian” Other effects on landscape toponyms Administration of space Islam Islam • Islam is the religion articulated by the Qur’an. • An adherent of Islam is a Muslim, meaning "one who submits (to God)" • Religious practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are five duties that unite Muslims into a community. • Islamic law (Arabic: شريعةŠarīʿah) touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, encompassing everything from dietary laws and banking to warfare, welfare, and Jihad. Islam Monotheistic, proselytic faith -1.4 billion Biblical figures, such as Moses, Abraham, and Jesus are venerated in Islam Most important prophet and founder is Muhammad —lived about 14 centuries ago The Koran — holy book, contains a code of morals and ethics, and promises an afterlife • The vast majority of Muslims belong to one of two major denominations, the Sunni (87-90%) and Shi'a (10-13%). Islam is the predominant religion in much of Africa, the Middle East and major parts of Asia. • About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim country, 31% in the Indian Subcontinent, and 20% in Arab countries. With 1.57 billion Muslims (see Islam by country), Islam is the second-largest religion in the world and arguably the fastest growing religion in the world Islam 2nd largest world religion about 1.3 billion adherents Fastest growing Two significant branches Sunnis (83%) Widely dispersed across the Middle East, North Africa, South and Southeast Asia Shias or Shiites (16%) Primarily clustered in Iran and southern Iraq, Azerbaijan and others Split based on who should succeed Muhammad Later has ethnic dimensions Core of Islamic belief = the five pillars Muslim Majority Countries Initial Spread of the Religion Origin and Diffusion of Islam Muhammad b. 570 AD in Mecca/Makkah ministry 610 AD hijra 622 AD to Yathrib/Medina 632 AD Reconquered Mecca (dies shortly afterward) Muhammad and early successors (caliphs) diffuse Islam through conquest Later spread through trade and other cultural interactions (see reading posted on website) Example: diffused to Indonesia in 1200s through trade Physically separated from Islamic core area Today has the world’s largest Muslim population (know this fact) Muslim Holy Places life of Muhammad Kaaba in Mecca 5th pillar = hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca What type of affects does the hajj have on the environment? Medina Muhammad’s tomb Dome of the Rock Muhammad’s night journey on Temple Mount Islam Calendar Strict lunar calendar 30 year cycle 19 years = 354 days 11 years = 355 days Holidays shift annually Places of Worship Mosque Community centers Courtyard surrounded by buildings for different functions Pulpit faces Mecca Minarets muezzin calls to prayer Other distinctive traits Calligraphy arabesques • Islam consists of a number of religious denominations that are essentially similar in belief but which have significant theological and legal differences. The primary division is between the Sunni and the Shi'a, with Sufism generally considered to be a mystical inflection of Islam rather than a distinct school. According to most sources, approximately 85% of the world's Muslims are Sunni, 14% are Shi'a with the 1% beiing other various small minorities and Islamic sects 2 Major branches Sunni and Shia • A comprehensive 2009 demographic study of 232 countries and territories reported that 23% of the global population or 1.57 billion people are Muslims. • Approximately 50 countries are Muslimmajority, and Arabs account for around 20% of all Muslims worldwide. • Approximately 62% of the world's Muslims live in Asia, with over 683 million adherents in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan. • According to U.S. government figures, in 2006 there were 20 million Muslims in China. • In the Middle East, the non-Arab countries of Turkey and Iran are the largest Muslimmajority countries • In Africa, Egypt and Nigeria have the most populous Muslim communities. Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity in many European countries. • In 2006, countries with a Muslim majority had an average population growth rate of 1.8% per year (when weighted by percentage Muslim and population size). This compares with a world population growth rate of 1.12% per year. Islam Two major sects prevail Muslims — 11 percent of Islamic total in diverse subgroups Form the majority in Iran and Iraq Major fundamentalist revival now occurring under Iranian leadership to throw off Western influences, and restore the purity of the faith Shiite Islam Two major sects prevail Muslims — represent Islamic orthodoxy forming the large majority Strength is greatest in the Arabicspeaking lands Non-Arabic Indonesia now contains world’s largest concentration Large clusters occur in western China, Indo-European Bangladesh, and Pakistan Sunni How might that affect this situation? Hinduism • Hinduism is the predominant religion of the Indian subcontinent. • Hinduism is formed of diverse traditions and has no single founder. • Hinduism is the world's third largest religion after Christianity and Islam, with approximately one billion adherents, of whom approximately 905 million live in India. Hinduism 3rd largest religion in the world 900 million adherents 97% of Hindus are found in India rest in Nepal Many paths to spirituality Individual decides best way to worship Vaishnavism (Vishnu) 70% Incarnations (Krishna, Buddha, Jesus?, etc.) Sivaism (Siva) 26% Protector and destroyer of ignorance Shaktism (female consorts of Vishnu/Siva) Hinduism Origin Basic ideas brought by Aryans (Indo-Europeans) No clear founder – dates to 2500BC Earliest use of term “Hinduism” = sixth century B.C. Intermingled with Dravidians ‘Karmic” religion Dharma = set of rules for caste Caste = social class Holy places Riverbanks, coastlines, mountains Ganges River is the most sacred, Varanasi = pilgrimage site Effects on landscape Less physical presence of temples Overcrowding/pollution due to pilgrimages Hindus cremate dead = preserves land, no cemeteries BUT Cremation strains wood supply Judaism Judaism Monotheistic faith Parent of Christianity, and closely related to Islam Certain Hebrew prophets and leaders are recognized by Christians and Muslims Does not actively seek converts and has remained an ethnic religion Has split into a variety of subgroups, partly as a result of forced dispersal (Explain) Judaism Forced from Israel in Roman times and lost contact with other colonies Jews who resided in Mediterranean lands were called the Sephardim Those residing in central and Eastern Europe were known as the Ashkenozim Large-scale migration of Ashkenazic from Europe to America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries During Nazi years, perhaps a third of the entire Jewish population of the world was systematically murdered, mainly Ashkenazim Judaism Europe ceased to be primary homeland and many survivors fled overseas to Israel and America Has about 13-14 million adherents throughout the world Nearly 7 million live in North America Followers of this religion have a high rate of interfaith marriages. How could this affect the future of this religion? • Judaism claims a historical continuity spanning well over 3000 years. It is one of the oldest monotheistic religions,and the oldest to survive into the present day • In 2007, the world Jewish population was estimated at 13.2 million, 41% of whom lived in Israel and 40% of whom lived in the United States. This figure includes both ethnic Jews and converts to Judaism Judaism 14 - 15 million 1/3 USA, 1/3 Israel, 1/3 elsewhere 15% in Europe (90% before WWII) Origin and diffusion Abraham’s migration/covenant Promised land ↔ monotheism 10 lost tribes (Assyrians)/2 tribes remain (Babylon) Tribe of Judah = “Jewish” Diaspora (after 70 AD by Romans) makes Jews an exception that ethnic religions are clustered “re-clustering” due to est. of Israel Zionism = movement for a Jewish homeland began late 1800s, reaction to persecution The Jewish calendar Rosh Hashanah New Year Yom Kippur Autumn holidays express worry over winter rains Day of Atonement Passover Sukkot Feast of Weeks Spring harvest and sacrifices commemorated in Exodus Buddhism Buddhism About 400 million adherents difficult to quantify due to syncretism the combination of different beliefs Three branches Mahayana (56%) (China, Japan, Korea) Theravada/Hinayana (38%) (Southeast Asia) Tantrayana/Vajrayana (6%) (Tibet, Mongolia) The Four Noble Truths “karmic/dharmic” religion Goal is “nirvana” = release from cycle of rebirth Origin and Diffusion of Buddhism Founder: Siddhartha Gautama NE India/Nepal / 500s BCE Becomes the Buddha -The “awakened one” Emperor Asoka Converts to Buddhism Sends missionaries (mid 200s BCE) Traveled along silk road to China -Becomes “Chinese” -Diffuses further (bodhisattvas) Disappears from India -Absorbed by Hinduism (syncretism) Buddhism Today the most widespread religion in Asia Dominates a culture region from Sri Lanka to Japan and from Mongolia to Vietnam Proselytic religion Formed composite faiths as it fused with ethnic faiths especially in China and Japan Fused with Confucianism, Taoism, and Shintoism Southern Buddhism dominant in Sri Lanka and mainland Southeast Asia retains greatest similarity to original form Special variation known as Lamaism prevails in Tibet and Mongolia Buddhism Difficult to determine number of adherents because of tendency to merge with native religions — estimates range from 334 million to over 500 million people In China, has enmeshed with local faiths to become part of an ethnic religion Outside China, remains one of the great proselytic religions in the world Buddhism • Buddhism, as traditionally conceived, is a path of liberation attained through insight into the ultimate nature of reality. It is a religion or spiritual philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pali/Sanskrit "the awakened one"). • Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada, the oldest surviving, has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, whilst Mahayana, which is found throughout East Asia, includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, Tendai and Shinnyo-en. In some classifications, a third branch, Vajrayana, is recognized, although many see this as an offshoot of the Mahayana. Buddhism About 400 million adherents difficult to quantify due to syncretism the combination of different beliefs Three branches Mahayana (56%) (China, Japan, Korea) Theravada/Hinayana (38%) (Southeast Asia) Tantrayana/Vajrayana (6%) (Tibet, Mongolia) The Four Noble Truths “karmic/dharmic” religion Goal is “nirvana” = release from cycle of rebirth Origin and Diffusion of Buddhism Founder: Siddhartha Gautama NE India/Nepal 500s BCE Becomes the Buddha The “awakened one” Emperor Asoka converts to Buddhism sends missionaries (mid 200s BCE) Traveled along silk road to China Becomes “Chinese” Diffuses further (bodhisattvas) Disappears from India Absorbed by Hinduism (syncretism) Buddhist proselytism at the time of emperor Ashoka (260–218 BCE). Buddhist Places of Worship pagodas and stupas stupas Mark location of relics collected by Buddha’s followers in South Asia pagodas Evolved from concept of stupa Mostly found in China and Japan Numbers • While Buddhism remains most popular within Asia, both branches are now found throughout the world. Various sources put the number of Buddhists in the world at between 230 million and 500 million •Estimates are uncertain for several reasons: • • Difficulties in defining who counts as a Buddhist; Syncretism among the Eastern religions. Buddhism is practiced by adherents alongside many other religious traditionsincluding Taoism, Confucianism, Shinto, traditional religions, shamanism, and animism- throughout East and Southeast Asia. In fact, many beleive buddhism can be practised and you can belong to any other religion. • Difficulties in estimating the number of Buddhists who do not have congregational memberships and often do not participate in public ceremonies; • Official policies on religion in several historically Buddhist countries that make accurate assessments of religious adherence more difficult; most notably China, Vietnam and North Korea. In many current and former Communist governments in Asia, government policies may discourage adherents from reporting their religious identity, or may encourage official counts to underestimate religious adherence. • According to one analysis, Buddhism is the fourthlargest religion in the world behind Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. The monks' order (Sangha), which began during the lifetime of the Buddha, is among the oldest organizations on earth. • Mahayanists make up 56 percent of Buddhists and exist primarily in China, Japan and Korea • Theravadists comprise around 38 percent of Buddhists and exist in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Tantrayanists exist in Tibet and Mongolia. • In Japan, 90 percent say they are Shinto and 70 percent say Buddhist so clearly there is some overlap • Encyclopedia Britannica estimates there are anywhere from 3 to 119 million Buddhists in Japan depending on what you mean by Buddhist Diffusion of Religions - Christianity • • • Diffused first through relocation diffusion from its hearth of Palestine thanks to missionaries who traveled to convert others They traveled first to well-contacted cities in the trade routes of the Roman Empire and then spread to the countryside (pagan = countryside) It later traveled through conversion of kings or leaders Diffusion of Religions - Judaism • • • • Jews practice their faith in many lands and only recently did they practice it in their homeland/hearth (1948) - most were kicked out of the area around the year 70 when Romans removed them. Having been exiled they migrated to E. Europe and Northern Africa and southern, Iberian Europe (Ashkenazi versus Sephardic) Historically, they lived in Ghettos in Europe During WWII, many migrated to the United States (Skokie is the single,largest ethnic community of holocaust survivors) • Today, less than 15 percent of the world's Jews live in Europe compared to 90 percent a century ago. • The dispersion that happened around the year 70 is often referred to as the diaspora Questions Related to Religion • How would an ethnic religion differ from a universal religion in terms of growth and diffusion and provide examples • How would a map of the Islamic religion by percentages versus numbers versus Muslim majority countries differ and explain why • What are the differing reasons for relocation diffusion of Hindus to other areas of the world? • What does the TFR map tell us about religions? • How are the problems of Iraq related to the demographics of Iraq? • What does the map of the jewish population of the world tell you about the religion and its future? Ethnic Neighborhoods • Ethnic groups – – – – – Swedish, Irish, Germans Italians, Greeks, Polish, Ukranian, Russians, Lithuanians, (90s- Balkans); Jews Internal (African Americans) Vietnamese, Thai, Koreans, Chinese, Japanese, Philippines, India, Pakistan, Mexico, Brazil, Puerto Rico, Cuban, • Chicago Encyclopedia • Ethnic Chicago • Chicago Series books