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Rheumatoid Arthritis/Osteoarthritis Sarah Daoud Florida A&M University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10/02/13 Seminar: Disease Presentation Objectives Discuss the prevalence, epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology of RA/OA. Discuss the signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of RA/OA. Assess treatment of disease states in special populations. Evaluate the role of the pharmacist in the overall approach of these conditions. Discuss key components of RA/OA which would serve as educational points for patients and healthcare practitioners. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS Prevalence RA is the most common form of autoimmune arthritis affecting more than 1.3 million Americans. Women encompass 75% of individuals diagnosed with this disease. 1-3% of women may get RA in their lifetime. Usual occurrence is in individuals between 40-60 years of age. Epidemiology RA does not have any racial inclination and can occur at any age. Research has shown, this disease has a genetic predisposition and diagnosis may be necessitated by certain unknown environmental exposures. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules located on T-lymphocytes play a major role in patients with RA. Human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) typing can characterize these molecules and assess the risk of RA in those with presence of antigens on MHC molecules. Risk Factors Sex (Female) Family history Older age Silicate exposure Smoking Consuming 3 or more cups of coffee/day (esp. decaffeinated coffee) Pathophysiology Signs and Symptoms Morning stiffness lasting hours (sometimes whole day) Fatigue Weakness Low-grade fever Loss of appetite Joint pain Firm lumps ***Joint involvement tends to be symmetrical Diagnosis Non-pharmacological Treatment Rest Occupational therapy Physical therapy Use of assistive devices Weight reduction Surgery Pharmacological Treatment Pharmacological Treatment Agents used for pain and inflammation Drug Dosage Adverse Effects Warnings/Contraindications Notes Ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) ->200-400mg Q6-8H (mild to moderate pain) ->600-800mg Q6-8H; max 3.2g/d (moderate pain or inflammation) -Dyspepsia -Heartburn -Increase BP -GI bleeding -NSAIDS have BBW of increased risk of adverse CV thrombotic events; contraindicated for CABG perioperative pain; increased GI adverse events (ulceration, bleeding, perforation) -Contraindicated in pregnancy 3rd trimester. -Avoid use in advanced renal disease. Celecoxib (Celebrex) ->100-200mg BID -Diarrhea -Nausea -Warnings are the same as NSAIDS. -Contraindicated with sulfa allergy. -Lower risk of GI complications. -Max 400mg Prednisone (Rayos, Prednisone Intenson) ->Initial 5-60mg daily indicated for acute inflammation ->Can use twice daily dose every other day to decrease adrenal -Fluid retention -Stomach upset -Increase appetite. -Hyperglycemia -Osteoporosis -Contraindicated with live vaccines, systemic lung infections. -Must assess bone density if used longterm. -Must taper dose off. Pharmacological Treatment Non-biologic Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS) Drug Dosage Adverse Effects Warnings/Contraindications Notes Methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall) ->7.5-22.5mg/week -N&V -Diarrhea -GI upset -Anorexia -Reddening of skin -BBW: fetal death or congenital abn.; hepatotoxicity; BMS; malignant lymphomas; acute renal failure. -Contraindications: pregnancy; alcoholism; chronic liver disease; blood dyscrasias -Never dose daily for RA (dose can be split into smaller doses taken over 12-36 hours) -Pregnancy category X Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) ->Initial: 400600mg/day ->Maintain: 200400mg/day -Decreased visual acuity -Photophobia -Blurred vision -Corneal deposits -Can cause neuromyopathy with long-term use; SJS; alopecia; pigmentation of skin and hair (bleaching) -Used in mild RA -Take with food or milk -Mainly eliminated by the kidney Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Sulfazine) ->500-1,000mg BID; max 3g/day -Headache -Anorexia -Dyspepsia -GI upset -Contraindications: pts with a sulfa or salicylate allergy, GI or GU obstruction -Can cause reversible oligospermia; folate -Take with food and 8oz of water to prevent crytalluria -Can cause yelloworange -folate antimetaboline that inhibits DNA synthesis -5-aminosalicyclic Pharmacological Treatment Non-biologic DMARDS cont. Drug Dosage Adverse Effects Warnings/Contraindications Notes Minocycline (Dynacin, Minocin, Solodyn) ->100mg BID -GI upset -N&V -May cause SJS and decreased LFTs -Used in mild RA -Pregnancy Cat. D -Do not use in children 8 yoa or younger. Leflunomide (Arava) -> 100mg x3days, then 20mg daily -Diarrhea -URTIs -Rash -Alopecia -BBW: women of childbearing potential should not use age until pregnancy is excluded; hepatotoxicity -Must have negative pregnancy test before starting and use 2 forms of birth control. -If pregnancy wanted, must wait 2 yrs after discontinuation or give cholestyramine. -Can use with or without methotrexate -Pregnancy Cat. X Pharmacological Treatment Biologic agents- TNFalpha inhibitors BBW: serious infxs; lymphomas; malignancies; perform test for latent TB before initial therapy. Contraindication: sepsis Can cause worsening or new onset Heart Failure; hep. B reactivation; demyelinating disease. Do not give with other biologics or live vaccines SE: infections and injection site reactions Administration: do not shake; require refrigeration; allow to reach room temp. before injecting These agents are usually add-on therapy to methotrexate Pharmacological Treatment Biologic DMARD agents- TNFalpha inhibitors Drug Dosage Notes Etanercept (Enbrel) ->50mg SC once/week Adalimumab (Humira) ->40mg SC every other week -If not taking MTX, can increase dose to 40mg SC weekly Infliximab (Remicade) ->3mg/kg IV at weeks 0,2,6 and then Q8W can increase to 10mg/kg -Higher dose=increase infx risk -Infusion reaction: hypotension, fever, chills, pruritis (benefit from APAP/ antihistamine/ steroids as pre-treatment) -Delayed hypersensitivity rxn 3-10d after admin (fever, rash, myalgia, HA, sore throat) Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia) ->400mg SC at weeks 0,2,4 and then 400mg Q4W -Can maintain at 200mg every other week Golimumab (Simponi) ->50mg SC once/month -Give with MTX Pharmacological Treatment Biologic response modifiers Drug Dosage Adverse Effects Warnings/Contraindication s Notes Rituximab (Rituxan) -depletes CD20+ B cells ->1g IV day 1 and 15 @50mg/hr (can increase to 400mg/hr if no rxn) -Fever -Chills -Angioedema -BMS -Abdominal pain -BBW: severe and fatal infusion related reactions; PML due to JC virus infection; tumor lysis syndrome leading to acute renal failure and dialysis; SJS, TEN can occur -Warnings: serious infxs -Pre-medicate with a steroid -Used with MTX -Do not give with live vaccines or other biologics -Screen for latent TB before initiating Anakinra (Kineret) -IL-1 receptor antagonist ->100mg SC daily -Headache -Infections -BMS -Injection site rxn -Warnings: serious infxs -Do not give with live vaccines or other biologics -Screen for latent TB before initiating Abatacept (Orencia) -Selective T cell costimulation blocker ->500mg-1,000mg IV based on body wt; given over 30min -Headache -Infections -Injection site rxn -Warnings: serious infxs -Do not give with live vaccines or other biologics -Screen for latent TB before initiating Pharmacological Treatment Kinase Inhibitors Drug Dosage Adverse Effects Warnings/ Contraindications Notes Tofacitinib (Xeljanz) ->5mg PO BID -URTIs -Diarrhea -Headache -BBW: can cause serious infections, lymphomas and other malignancies; screen for latent TB -Can cause GI perforation -Not recommended in severe hepatic impairment -Do not give with live vaccines -Do not use with potent 450 inducers; reduce dose to 5mg daily w/ potent 3A4 and 2C19 inhibitor. -Do not use with biological DMARDs or potent immunosuppressants -Monitor neutrophil count, hemoglobin, and lymphocyte count -inhibitor of Janus kinase (JAKs) OSTEOARTHRITIS (AKA: Degenerative Joint Disease) Prevalence An estimated 15.8 million adults display symptoms of OA Prevalence increased with age E.g. Those aged 75-79 years, 85% have OA of the hands, whereas those 45 year and younger, only 1/5th have OA of the hands. Severity also increases with age Women are more affected Knee OA twice as prevalent in black opposed to white women Epidemiology Most prevalent of the rheumatic diseases Responsible for disability and loss of productivity OA at some skeletal sites occurs in nearly everyone 75 years and older ½ million symptomatic cases of idiopathic OA occur yearly in the US white population Risk Factors Obesity Repetitive motion (constant stress on hand, knee, etc.) Joint injury Genetics Type and intensity of physical activity Pathophysiology Signs and Symptoms Pain with motion Joint stiffness lasting <30min (usually in the morning) Joint: Tenderness Crepitus Enlargement Diagnosis 3 Goals: Differentiate between primary or secondary OA Clarify joints involved Assess prior therapies Diagnostic Parameters: OA of knee Refer to signs and symptoms Age >50yo OA of hand Heberden’s node (2 or more out of 10) OA of hip Normal ESR Osteophytes and joint space narrowing on on X-ray Non-pharmacological Treatment Exercise programs (aquatic) Weight loss Patient education for self-management Wedged shoe insoles Rest Braces (symptomatic relief) Pharmacological Treatment Pain Relief (primary indication for pharmacological treatment) Drug Dosage Adverse Effects Warnings/ Contraindications Notes Acetaminophen (Tylenol) ->650-1000mg PO Q6H -Constipation -Headache -Vomiting -Contraindications; hepatic impairment -Alcoholism can increase hepatic injury -For mild to moderate pain -Max 4g/day Tramadol (Ultram) ->initial: 25mg/day, increase by 25mg increments in separate doses every 3 days ->maintain: 50100mg PO Q4-6H -Flushing -Constipation -Headache -Nausea -Xerostomia -Contraindications: hypercapnia, severe bronchial asthma, acute intoxication with alcohol, narcotics, etc. -For moderate to severe pain -Max 400mg/day -Adjust dose for renal impairment Pharmacological Treatment Opioid Analgesics Drug Dosage Adverse Effects Warnings/ Contraindications Notes Codeine sulfate ->15-60mg PO Q4H -Somnolence -Dyspnea -Hypotension -Bowel obstruction -Pancreatitis -Contraindications: bronchial asthma, hypercarbia -Has potential for abuse -May cause diminished biliary and pancreatic secretions -May prolong GI obstruction -For mild to moderate pain -Max dose: 360mg/day Oxycodone hydrochloride ->5-15mg PO Q4-6H -Constipation -Nausea -Somnolence -BBW: fatal respiratory depression -Contraindications: bronchial asthma, hypercarbia -For moderate to severe pain Pharmacological Treatment NSAIDS Drug Dosage Adverse Effects Warnings/ Contraindications Notes Aspirin ->Up to 3g/day in divided doses -GI upset -Bleeding -GI ulcer -Caution with bleeding disorders, renal or hepatic disease -May take with food or milk Ibuprofen (Advil) ->1200 to 3200 mg/day PO in 3-4 divided doses -Dyspepsia -Heartburn -Increase BP -GI bleeding -NSAIDS have BBW of increased risk of adverse CV thrombotic events; contraindicated for CABG perioperative pain; increased GI adverse events (ulceration, bleeding, perforation) -Contraindicated in pregnancy 3rd trimester. -Avoid use in advanced renal disease Naproxen (Aleve) ->250-500mg PO BID -Edema -Abdominal pain -Tinnitus -Dyspnea --NSAIDS have BBW of increased risk of adverse CV thrombotic events; contraindicated for CABG perioperative pain; increased GI adverse events (ulceration, bleeding, perforation) -Max 1500mg/day for up to 6 mo Celecoxib (Celebrex) ->100mg BID or 200mg daily -Diarrhea -Nausea -Warnings are the same as NSAIDS. -Contraindicated with sulfa allergy. -Max 200mg Pharmacological Treatment Topical NSAIDS (preferred over oral NSAIDs for pts >75 yoa) Drug Dosage Adverse Effects Warnings/ Contraindications Notes Diclofenac sodium 1% gel (Voltaren) ->4g topically to lower extremities 4x/day ->2g to upper extremities 4x/day -Application site rxn -Burning sens. in eye -Raised IOP -Same as NSAIDs BBWs -NSAID oral therapy not recommended concomitantly -Can cause anaphylaxis -Max 8g/day to any single joint of upper extremity; 16g/day for lower extremity; 32g/day total over all affected joints Trolamine salicylate 10% cream (Arthricream) ->Apply topically 34x/day -Erythema -Skin irritation -Contraindications: hypersensitivity to salicylates, severe renal insufficiency -May cause tinnitus -Beware of toxicity with over use -Do not cover area with occlusive material Topical Analgesics Drug Dosage Adverse Effects Warnings/ Contraindications Notes Capsaisin 0.025% or 0.075% ->Apply to affected joints 3-4x/day -Application site erythema -Pruritus -Nausea -Hypertension -May increase risk of cardiovascular adverse effects -Use nitrile gloves for handling Pharmacological Treatment Intra-acrticular Glucocorticoids (knee or hip) Drug Dosage Adverse Effects Warnings/ Contraindications Notes Triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog, Aristocrat A, Nasacort) ->initial 2.515mg as single injection ->Additional doses can be adjusted to 20mg or more -Cushing’s syndrome -Headache -Pharyngitis -Flu-like symptoms -Contraindications: administration with live vaccines; idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura -Increased risk of infections -Impaired skin healing -Weight gain -Hyperglycemia Triamcinolone hexacetonide (Aristospan) ->up to 0.5mg/square inch of affected skin -Hypertension -Osteoporosis -Same as above -Same as above -Total daily dose may vary from 248mg/day Pharmacist Role Be aware of certain labs to order for particular agents Understand patient populations, which certain medications should be avoided in Counsel patients on the disease state , SE, possible treatments Assess progression of disease and appropriate measures to take Make recommendations to physicians regarding drug regimen Clinical Pearls- Based on Guidelines RA Etanercept recommended for use in patients with hepatitis C. No biologics for hepatitis B Rituxibam recommended for pts with malignancy <5yrs, treated skin melanoma, treated lymphoproliferative disease TNF inhibitor recommended for patients with CHF OA Knee Acetaminophen Oral NSAIDs Topical NSAIDs Tramadol Intraarticular corticosteroid injections Hip Same as above without topical NSAIDs Hand Topical NSAIDs Topical capsaicin Oral NSAIDs Reference American College of Rheumatology 2012 Recommendations for the Use of Nonpharmacologic and Pharmacologic Therapies in Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee. American College of Rheumatology. vol. 64, No. 4, April 2012, pp 465–474 2012 Update of the 2008 American College of Rheumatology Recommendations for the Use of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs and Biologic Agents in the Treatment of Rheumatoid ArthritisAmerican College of Rheumatology. vol. 64, No. 5, May 2012, pp 625–639 Kenneth C Kalunian, MD. Patient information: Osteoarthritis symptoms and diagnosis (Beyond the Basics). UpToDate August 2013. Peter H. Schur, MD. General principles of management of rheumatoid arthritis in adults. UpToDate August 2013 Micromedex