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MINERALS
A MINERAL is a
naturally occurring,
inorganic solid,
consisting of either a single element or compound,
with a definite chemical composition (or varies within
fixed limits),
and a systematic internal arrangement of atoms.
MINERALS
Useful as tools
Improve quality of life
Important in nutrients
Many minerals in the body
Useful and important in agriculture
MINERALS
MINERAL CHEMISTRY
Minerals are composed of elements in specific proportions.
Elements cannot be broken down into any smaller units and
still be recognizable.
Atoms of one or more elements combine in specific proportions
to produce compounds.
Specific proportions are expressed by the compound’s
chemical formula.
HALITE
QUARTZ
NaCl
SiO2
MINERALS
MINERAL CHEMISTRY
Atoms are extremely small.
Atoms are composed of three particles:
Protons and Neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.
Electrons in energy levels around the nucleus.
Protons have a positive charge.
Electrons have a negative charge.
Neutrons are neutral.
MINERALS
ATOMIC CHEMISTRY
ATOMIC MASS of an elements is the total number of protons
and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.
ATOMIC NUMBER is the total number of protons in the
nucleus of the atom.
Always the same number of protons in every atom of the same
element.
Number of neutrons in the nucleus can vary.
Variation in the number of neutrons in the same element
produces ISOTOPES of that element.
MINERALS
ATOMIC CHEMISTRY
Isotopes of Oxygen
Always 8 protons in the nucleus.
Oxygen has atomic number of 8 on the Periodic Table.
16O has 8 protons and 8 neutrons.
17O has 8 protons and 9 neutrons.
18O has 8 protons and 10 neutrons.
MINERALS
ATOMIC CHEMISTRY
Some isotopes have very
unstable nuclei and
those break down
spontaneously.
This reaction is termed
RADIOACTIVITY.
Generally a large amount
of heat is produced
in the reaction.
MINERALS
ATOMIC CHEMISTRY
The number of electrons contained in an atoms is the same as
the number of protons.
Makes the charge on the atom neutral.
Electrons are held in shells or ENERGY LEVELS around the
nucleus.
Atoms can give up or take electrons depending on the number
in the outermost energy level.
MINERALS
BONDING
For elements to combine or BOND to form compounds, electrons
must be lost, gained or shared between atoms.
Atoms are stable when all the spaces in the outer energy level
are filled with electrons.
Innermost energy level requires two electrons to be full.
All other energy levels require eight electrons to be full.
Atoms with 1-2 electrons in the outer shell tend to give up
electrons.
Atoms with 5-6 electrons in the outer shell tend to take electrons.
Atoms with 3-5 electrons in the outer shell tend to share
electrons.
If all energy levels are already filled, no change is possible.
These elements are said to be INERT (like He, Ne, Ar).
MINERALS
TYPES OF BONDING
IONIC BONDING
Atoms that have lost or gained 1 or more electrons become
charged particles and IONS are formed.
If electrons are gained by an atom a NEGATIVE ION exists.
If electrons are lost by an atom a POSITIVE ION exists.
When elements bond by the exchange of electrons IONIC
BONDING exists.
Na+
Cl-
MINERALS
TYPES OF BONDING
COVALENT BONDING
Atoms that have 3-5 electrons in the outer energy level tend to
share electrons with other atoms to form compounds.
Both atoms fill their outer energy levels by sharing electrons.
This produces a COVALENT BOND.
Covalent bond can be extremely strong.
Sharing can be between the same element as in Diamond.
MINERALS
TYPES OF BONDING
METALLIC BONDING
METALLIC BONDING occurs when electrons are shared.
Sharing tends to be between many atoms.
Electrons move freely from atom to atom.
Allows for high conductivity of electricity in metallic
compounds.