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Chapter 21 Part 7 The French Revolution Napoleon The Empire Period 1804-1814 December 2, 1804 Napoleon crowned himself hereditary emperor at Notre Dame The Pope was there but did not do the crowning…Why Not? He was looking to thwart any plans that the royalists might have to return to power He believed that an empire was necessary for France to expand & maintain its influence in Europe Napoleon Saw himself as a liberator…freeing foreign peoples from oppressive absolutist rulers BUT his dominance over other nations will inspire the rise of nationalism which eventually will lead to his downfall The Grand Empire Napoleon will be at war constantly beginning in 1805 Napoleon will create the largest empire since Roman times…but it was temporary The Empire extended from the Rhine, included Holland and present-day Belgium, the German coast to the western Baltic, and the Italian coast to Rome Nepotism Napoleon placed his favorites on the thrones of dependent satellite kingdoms: Brother, Joseph, became King of Spain Brother, Jerome, became King of Westphalia Brother, Louis, became King of Holland (6 yrs.) until it was incorporated into France His sister, Caroline, became Queen of Naples The Empire He will consolidate the German States and create the Confederation of the Rhine Napoleon’s step-son ruled Lombardy, Venice, and Papal states He decided not to unify Italy to prevent a future threat Napoleon Abolished Feudalism and reformed the social, political, and economic institutions in conquered areas All countries of the Grand Empire gained some of the main principles of the French Revolution BUT no self-government At First Napoleon was supported by the commercial and professional classes who supported the Enlightenment BUT his oppression and exploitation eventually turned the conquered people against him What oppression? Conscription into the French army High taxes (while taxes in France were lowered) The Continental System: Berlin and Milan Decrees Most believed that Napoleon ended up betraying the ideals of the French Revolution The War of the Third Coalition 1805-1807 The Third Coalition: Britain, Austria, Russia After Napoleon conquered Italy, Austria was concerned about the threat to the balance of power in Europe As early as 1803 Napoleon began plans to invade England 1805 The Battle of Trafalgar The combined French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the British navy (Horatio Nelson was killed here) Planned invasion of Britain was no longer possible The Battle of Austerlitz in Moravia. Alexander I pulled Russian troops out and Austria was forced to give up much territory in exchange for peace The Third Coalition Collapsed Napoleon now had western and central Europe He had the Arc de Triomphe built in 1806 to commemorate his victory at Austerlitz During Roman times, Caesars would build an arch to commemorate their victories The Arc de Triomphe 1806 Napoleon defeated Prussia twice at the Battle of Jena and the Battle of Auerstadt By 1807 Alexander I of Russia sought peace terms The Treaty of Tilsit 1807 Prussia ceded land to France (included ½ of Prussia’s population) Russia accepted Napoleon’s dominance of Western and Central Europe Russia agreed to accept Napoleon’s Continental System (Russia thus allied with France against England) The Reorganization of Germany The Confederation of the Rhine Napoleon consolidated the 300 sovereign states into 15 Did not include Austria, Prussia or Saxony Napoleon named himself “Protector” of the Confederation The HRE was abolished French Foreign Policy Undone! Napoleon will inspire German Nationalism through his dominance and repression AND they were now less divided than before The Continental System To wage economic warfare against Britain Both Countries came to a stalemate in 1805 with the Battles of Trafalgar and Austerlitz Both decided to starve each other out The Brits had the orders in Council (2) in 1806 The French had the Continental System: the Berlin and Milan Decrees The Berlin Decree Napoleon closed continent’s ports to British ships He had coerced Russia, Prussia, Spain, (neutral) Denmark, and Portugal to adhere to the Berlin Decree Brits responded with The Orders in Council: Closing ports under British control to French trade and Neutral ships would be confiscated if they were on the way to trade with the continent The Milan Decree Neutral ships on the way to Britain, on the way back from Britain, or having been boarded by the Brits at sea was subject to confiscation Both the Brits and the French violated U.S. neutral rights at sea. Eventually led to the War of 1812: Brits v the U.S. while the Brits were still fighting the French The Continental System Caused hardship in Europe and resentment against Napoleon Imports from America were in much demand European industries could not produce like the Brits did The Continental System was impossible to maintain The Continental System Many of the European Bourgeoisie were ruined as a result of the lack of trade Eastern Europeans who had little industry of their own were especially hard hit Many could not honor their agreements with Napoleon as to supporting his Continental Sys. The Peninsular War 1808-1814 Portugal violated the Continental System and had to be taught a lesson Napoleon sent an army through Spain to get to Portugal The Spanish resented their “King” (Napoleon’s brother) and Napoleon’s domination The Peninsular War The Spanish waged a guerrilla war against French troops. All classes involved The Brits sent the Duke of Wellington with troops to aid the Spanish The Peninsular War was the first great revolt against Napoleon’s power As the fighting in Spain continued Napoleon turned against Russia But first, married Marie Louise (18) She was the daughter of the Austrian emperor and the niece of Marie Antionette So, Napoleon was now nephew (by marriage) of Louis XVI and he began to show more consideration to the nobility of the Old Regime The Russian Campaign 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia in June of 1812 with an army of 600,000. Only 2/3 of his army was French The Russians had withdrawn from the Continental System due to economic hardship The Battle of Borodino 1812 Ended in a draw with the Russians retreating in good order The Russians used a “scorched earth” tactic As they retreated further into the Russian interior, they destroyed EVERYTHING so that the enemy army could not feed itself or even keep warm…they even burned Moscow down! After 5 weeks Napoleon was forced to retreat from Moscow Napoleon returned to France with only 30,000! 400,000 had died in battle or starved or froze to death 100,000 had been taken prisoner And then… Napoleon, in France, raised another army: 600,000 strong At the same time, Austria and Prussia deserted Napoleon and joined Russia and England in the Fourth Coalition Also…remember the Treaty of Ghent? The War of the Fourth Coalition 1813-1814 The Battle of Leipzig October 1813 AKA The Battle of Nations The largest battle in world history until the 20th century Napoleon lost 500,000 but refused to accept peace terms offered by Austrian minister, Metternich The Frankfort Proposals The Peace offer was generous: France to be reduced to its boundaries of 1792 and Napoleon could remain on the throne Since Napoleon refused to give up, Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria formed the Quadruple Alliance in March 1814 April 4, 1814 Allied armies entered Paris Napoleon abdicated The Bourbons were restored to the French throne Louis XVIII Brother of Louis XVI The new king issued a constitution for the French Called the Charter of 1814 The first constitution in European history issued by a monarch Provided for a constitutional monarchy The Charter of 1814 Maintained most of Napoleon’s reforms: The Code Napoleon The Concordat of 1801 (with the Church) The abolition of feudalism The First Treaty of Paris May 30, 1814 France surrendered all territory gained since 1792 No indemnities or reparations were imposed (they WERE proposed but Louis XVIII refused to pay so they let it go) Napoleon was exiled to Elbe as a sovereign with an income from France The Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet in Vienna to work out a general peace settlement The Congress of Vienna Sept. 1814-June 1815 The Big Four: Austria, England, Russia, Prussia What did they want? England Represented by Lord Castlereagh Wanted to surround France with larger and stronger states in order to maintain the balance of power Prussia Wanted to get back the land lost to France in 1805 and wanted additional territory in northern Germany (Saxony) Austria Klemens von Metternich: very conservative Was opposed to liberal and reformed ideas because the impact of such ideas on Austria would be devastating NOTE: Austria would be particularly vulnerable to nationalistic movements because of the many different ethnicities in the Empire Russia Czar Alexander I Demanded a “free” and “independent” Poland…with himself as king! A bit later France became involved in the deliberations Was represented by minister Tallyrand (remember the XYZ Affair?) The Dancing Congress Much pageantry, parties, balls, banquets First to keep the junior diplomats busy and out of the way Also to win support for the peace settlement from the general population…they loved broohaha The Principles of Settlement: Legitimacy Compensation Balance of Power Legitimacy Restore the deposed ruling families to power: Bourbons restored to France, Spain, Naples Dynasties restored in Holland, Sardinia, Tuscany, Modena Papal states were restored to the Pope Compensation Rewards in the form of territory to those states who sacrificed to defeat Napoleon England got naval bases: Malta, Ceylon, Cape of Good Hope Austria recovered Lombardy (in Italy) and got Venetia, Galicia (part of Poland), and Illyrian Provinces along the Adriatic Compensation continued Russia was given most of Poland (the Czar was King) and Finland and Bessarabia (Moldova) and western Ukraine Prussia was given the Rhineland, 3/5 of Saxony and part of Poland Sweden got Norway Balance of Power The effort to arrange territory so that never again would one power threaten the Balance of power Encirclement of France: Gave the Austrian Netherlands to Holland to form the Kingdom of the United Netherlands to the north of France The Balance of Power continued Prussia received Rhenish lands bordering the eastern French frontier (the left bank of the Rhine) Switzerland was guaranteed perpetual neutrality The HRE was NOT restored BUT the German States were reorganized once again The German Confederation AKA the Bund…now to 39 states With Austria the President of the Diet (assembly) of the Confederation Maintained most of Napoleon’s reorganization A loose confederation…the states were sovereign Sardinia Had its former territory restored with the addition of Genoa Britain The only country to remain a growing power Began their century of world leadership here (1814) lasted to the end of WWI (1918)