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Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Prepared for: Climate Ready Climate Ready is a support service led by the Environment Agency Date: November 2013 Page 1 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Contents 1. Who is this guidance for? .......................................................................................................................2 2. What’s in it for the built environment sector? .........................................................................................3 3. Four stage strategy for adaptation .........................................................................................................5 4. Stage 1. How to identify climate change risks ..................................................................................6 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................6 4.2 Key climate risks for the built environment ....................................................................................6 4.2.1 Designing for comfort ................................................................................................................6 4.2.2 Designing for construction .........................................................................................................7 4.2.3 Managing water .........................................................................................................................8 4.3 Data and information to assess climate risks ................................................................................8 5. Stage 2. How to categorise risks ......................................................................................................10 5.1 Data and information to help categorise climate risks .................................................................12 6. Stage 3. How to identify adaptation strategies ...............................................................................14 6.1 Guidance on identifying adaptation options ................................................................................15 6.2 Examples of adaptation options for the built environment from Design for Future Climate (DfFC) projects ....................................................................................................................................................16 7. Stage 4. How to assess the value of adaptation measures ...........................................................18 7.1 Assessing the justification for adaptation options .......................................................................19 7.2 Guidance on assessing the value of adaptation strategies .........................................................19 8. Case studies: Design for Future Climate .............................................................................................21 8.1 Co-operative Head Office, Manchester – Buro Happold .............................................................21 8.2 Oxford University Press, Oxford – Hoare Lea .............................................................................22 8.3 100 City Road, London – Arup ....................................................................................................24 8.4 Edge Lane, Liverpool – Medical Architecture ..............................................................................25 9. Recommended reading ........................................................................................................................26 10. Web-based climate change adaptation resources for the built environment .......................................28 10.1 UK Regional Resources ..............................................................................................................28 10.2 Climate change adaptation resources .........................................................................................28 © MBE KTN 2013 Page 2 of 29 1. Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Who is this guidance for? Difficulty in making the financial or economic argument for investing in adaptation measures has been highlighted as one of the main barriers to climate change adaptation in the UK built environment sector, reflected in a recent survey of built environment professionals1. This guidance is for those working in the built environment sector, including planners, developers and designers. It provides guidance and information sources on: How to begin to assess and communicate the business case for climate change adaption in the built environment, and How to realise developments which are resilient to the effects of a changing climate. It will aid the identification of opportunities to factor in climate change adaptation and support the delivery of buildings which are more resilient to a changing climate. This guidance can be used by professionals in the built environment sector who want to know how adaptation can be taken into account at different stages of the development, such as masterplanning, concept design and detailed design. It is applicable to both new development and refurbishment, and for building and landscaping projects. The aim of the guidance is to present an approach, requiring little technical economics knowledge, which can be used to encourage project partners to integrate climate adaptation measures into projects by: Determining relevant climate risks and those risks that are highest priority for the project; Identifying no cost and low cost measures that can get a project on the pathway to adaptation; and How to determine the cost effectiveness of win-win and higher cost adaptation measures. This is a live document, and we welcome feedback and ideas from all readers as to how they feel the guidance could be improved, extended or clarified. Comments can be submitted to the Modern Built Environment Knowledge Transfer Network at [email protected] This guidance has been funded and developed in partnership with the Environment Agency’s Climate Ready support service. Climate Ready provides support, tools, guidance and information to help businesses and other organisations successfully adapt with the UK’s changing climate which are available from the Climate Ready website. The Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA) in partnership with Climate Ready has developed guidance to help Environmental Sustainability Managers in businesses make the business case to senior management for climate change adaptation. This guidance considers how to promote adaptation of a business on a broader scale than just buildings, thus it is a complementary resource to this guidance. It can be found on the IEMA website. 1 Modern Built Environment Knowledge Transfer Network, 2013, Climate Change Adaptation Survey: Results © MBE KTN 2013 Page 3 of 29 2. Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment What’s in it for the built environment sector? The UN Global Compact initiative ‘Caring for Climate’ published a report in 2011 on how companies and communities can adapt for climate change and move towards a “greener” economy. They outlined four key arguments, listed below, that support the need to consider the business case for adapting to climate change. Avoid costs, manage liabilities and build resilience to climate change impacts For construction developments, both during construction and during operation, the potential costs associated with climate change could be highly significant2, 3. Risks from extreme weather Losses due to flood, wind and seaevents and a changing climate may translate to level risks for Hull were estimated at higher insurance costs and project delays $55.3m per year in 2008. These are during construction, and greater repair and expected to increase to between running costs during operation. $78.2m and $96.0m per year. (Shaping climate-resilient development, Economics of Climate Adaptation Working Group, 2009) Investing early to deliver solutions to these problems can increase resilience to climate change risks, reducing the impact of adverse conditions when they occur (e.g. the Bangkok Metro remained operational despite widespread surface flooding4 thanks to intelligent flood-proofing design). Access new financing streams International climate change agreements may lead to a range of European and national public funding opportunities for businesses. Companies who can demonstrate an existing commitment to, The Design for Future Climate and expertise in, climate change adaptation will competition awarded funding of up to be well positioned to win contracts for further £100k per building project towards services, research and development. Already, developing an adaptation strategy the Technology Strategy Board has made (Design for a future climate, Technology funding available to businesses through the Strategy Board, 2011) Design for Future Climate competition and the Small Business Research Initiative (SBRI) which may also provide a competitive advantage to the participating organisations. Build corporate reputation and exercise good corporate citizenship Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an area of increasing prominence in business strategy and marketing. Climate change adaptation offers companies an opportunity to make a positive and public contribution to both their local area and communities in both developed and developing countries. 2 Sustainability West Midlands, 2003, The Potential Impacts of Climate Change in the West Midlands London Climate Change Partnership, 2002, A Climate Change Impacts in London Evaluation Study 4 Pattaya Mail, 2011, Bangkok Metro: All subway stations remain operational 3 © MBE KTN 2013 Page 4 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Research by the UK Small Business Consortium5 showed 88% of consumers were more likely to buy from a company that supports and engages in activities to improve society. Expand market share and create value for communities 88% of consumers were more likely to buy from a company that supports and engages in activities to improve society (Better Business Journey, UK Small Business Developing a successful approach to adaptation Consortium, 2006) will require the development of new products, strategies and services. Experience of developing climate change adaptation strategies can be used by designers and developers as a differentiator when bidding for work. By understanding the financial benefits of climate change adaptation, designers can identify long-term savings for their clients. Adaptation measures can also provide benefits for local communities, for example, by providing comfortable outside spaces, and through contributing to improved water management in the urban environment. When built environment professionals use these arguments to encourage clients to consider the business case for adaptation in a project, it may be helpful to refer to the guidance published by IEMA in partnership with Climate Ready on how to raise the profile of adaptation issues within businesses. This guidance includes advice on how to get various stakeholders on board, what language to use and how to link adaptation to core parts of business to raise the profile of adaptation as an issue. 5 UK Small Business Consortium, 2006, Better Business Journey © MBE KTN 2013 Page 5 of 29 3. Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Four stage strategy for adaptation Development projects in the built environment sector differ widely, and thus there is no “one size fits all” strategy to adapting to climate change. This guidance outlines a structured, risk-based approach that will help you to generate the information you need to begin to make a bespoke business case for adaptation measures to be considered in your project, so that the end product is more resilient to the effects of a changing climate. It is built around a four-stage process, as illustrated in Figure 1, and is consistent with typical risk assessment methods. This guidance comprises a number of short “How to” guides, which give a brief summary of how to approach each stage of the process. Whilst these guides are relatively brief, a number of key documents, tools and reports are referenced. Readers are encouraged to make use of these supporting resources to clarify key points and gain a richer understanding. A collated list of recommended reading and useful web-based resources is also included at the end of this guidance. 1. Identify risks to core business, supply chain and wider network 2. Classify climate‐related risks 3. Identify climate change adaptation strategies 4. Assess the value of adaptation options Figure 1 The four stage process to incorporating adaptation into new development. This guidance is designed to assist in achieving developments which are resilient to the effects of a changing climate. We will demonstrate how this can be achieved with “no regret” or “win-win” adaptation measures, such that the economic case is straightforward to present. There are 3 key principles that are critical to developing an effective business case for climate change adaptation in the built environment: Early identification and prioritisation of climate risks understand climate risks as potential design constraints at project conception and design inception. Assess and address climate risks early to facilitate ‘no regret’ or ‘low regret’ adaptation – seek to address climate risks design approaches during site selection and masterplanning. Design in ‘adaptive capacity’ where climate risks are uncertain or long term, allow ‘adaptive capacity’ within the design for future adaptation, when and if it becomes necessary. © MBE KTN 2013 Page 6 of 29 4. 4.1 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Stage 1. How to identify climate change risks Introduction In order to make the business case for adapting a development to climate risks, the first stage is to identify and understand the risks for that development. The Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) report on adapting to climate change6 divides these risks between core operations, the value chain, and the broader business network, as shown in Figure 2. Case study Co-operative Head Office, Manchester – Buro Happold (See section 8.1 for full case study) A climate change risk assessment was carried out using the UKCP09 climate projections. Due to the expected lifespan of the building, the projections for the 2030s and 2050s were used to assess the climate change impacts. Drainage modelling was also used to determine risk of surface water flooding during extreme rainfall. Figure 2 Business areas susceptible to climate risks, adapted from the C2ES report Adapting to Climate Change: A Business Approach. When considering climate change adaptation in the built environment, risks to ‘core operations’ (i.e. building construction and operation) is the primary focus and thus the focus for this guidance. For further information on identifying climate risks in the wider business network, refer to guidance and resources provided by the Climate Ready themes, in particular the Business and Services theme. 4.2 4.2.1 Key climate risks for the built environment Designing for comfort Designing for comfort can be broken down into keeping cool within buildings, keeping cool in external spaces and keeping warm within buildings. A 1999 study7 of employee productivity identified comfort as 6 Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions, Adapting to Climate Change: A Business Approach, 2008 Leaman, A & Bordass, B 1999 Productivity in buildings: the killer variables. Building Research and Information, Volume 27 (1), pp 4-19 7 © MBE KTN 2013 Page 7 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment one of the ‘killer’ variables for productivity in the workplace, with productivity losses of up to 20% associated with declining levels of comfort. Keeping cool within buildings is likely to be a major challenge as the frequency of very high summer temperatures increases and energy costs increase. A study by the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) and Arup8 found that many existing buildings are already failing to meet comfort criteria of not exceeding 28°C for more than 1% of occupied hours. The UK Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA) highlights overheating and cooling energy demand as medium consequence risks in the short to medium term (2020-2050s), and high consequence risks in the long-term (2080s). Keeping cool in external spaces is also likely to become a challenge as summer temperatures increase. For buildings whose primary functions involve the use of outside space (such as schools with playgrounds and blocks of flats with balconies) this is likely to become a concern, as previous practice in the UK prioritised capturing heat and sunlight, rather than mitigating it. Without the confines of a building to hold cool air, the key to avoiding overheating outside is the considered use of shading, green spaces and bodies of water. However, the UK CCRA identifies a significant risk of a decline in the effectiveness of green space for cooling due to climate change. While average temperatures are rising, extremely cold winter spells are still likely to occur in future, so keeping warm within buildings in winter will remain a concern in the UK and high levels of insulation will still be required. 4.2.2 Designing for construction The effects of climate change on construction considerations can also be divided into three topics: structural stability below ground; structural stability above ground; and weatherproofing, detailing and materials. In some parts of the UK, changes in rainfall patterns may result in shrinkage of clay soils, affecting building foundations and potentially causing damage to buildings. During construction it is important to design, not only for current ground conditions, but also for potential changes in the ground conditions. The stability of slopes, embankments and other earth structures may also be at risk from changing rainfall patterns. Case study 100 City Road, London – Arup (See section 8.3 for full case study) Through risk assessment workshops, it was determined that the major climate change risk for this building was overheating of internal spaces. Comparisons were made between a 2005 Test Reference Year (TRY) and the UKCP09 climate projections for 2020, 2050 and 2080, with the annual hours of overheating found to increase from 29 in 2005 to 615 in 2080. The risk to structural stability above ground comes mainly from wind loading. While the effect of climate change on future wind loads is unclear, it is important to identify where risks may arise should wind speeds increase, so that they are prepared should improved projections suggest a need to act. The impact on building materials of increased temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns must be considered when selecting materials for construction, and when assessing risks to existing assets. Higher temperatures and/or increased levels of driving rain may negatively impact on the longterm serviceability of construction materials, and these risks should be considered carefully. 8 Hacker, JN Belcher, SE & Connell, RK 2005 Beating the Heat: Keeping UK buildings cool in a warming climate. UKCIP Briefing Report. UKCIP, Oxford © MBE KTN 2013 Page 8 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment The risks of a changing climate for the construction process itself have been investigated9,10, outlining the major risks for construction sites presented by too much or too little rain, excessive heat, strong winds and storms, along with potential mitigation or adaptation strategies. Extreme weather can result in a number of risks to the safety of workers or members of the public which result in work needing to halt and, therefore, delays to the programme. 4.2.3 Managing water Both shortage and inundation of water are likely to be concerns in the built environment as the climate changes. The UK CCRA highlights variable water availability as a key risk for the built environment. In particular, reductions in the summer may lead to less reliable supplies, more frequent restrictions and potential water shortages in the longer term. Water availability is already a significant issue in East and South East England, and policy measures may be introduced to reduce demand. With increased risk of extreme rainfall events, drainage and sewerage systems are expected to require increased capacity to cope. Risk of flooding, either from rivers bursting their banks or flash flooding due to heavy rainfall, should be carefully assessed. Further, the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors11 research has found that less than a third of small and medium enterprises in London flood risk areas are adequately equipped for the threat of flooding to their premises. 4.3 Data and information to assess climate risks There are a number of datasets and information sources that can be used to help planners, developers and designers working in the built environment to identify climate risks to their projects. Resource Description Where to find it UK Climate Change Risk Assessment, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) Identifies climate risks across a range of sectors; the primary climate change-related risks for the built environment being flooding, overheating and reduced water supply. http://www.defra.gov.uk/envir onment/climate/government/ri sk-assessment/ Design for future climate/Design for climate change, Bill Gething Report and book on adaptation in the built environment. May be used as a framework for identifying risks in construction or refurbishment projects, categorised into three areas: designing for comfort, construction and managing water. http://www.innovateuk.org/our strategy/innovationplatforms/l owimpactbuilding/design-forfuture-climate-report-.ashx Resources for individual regions of the UK http://www.climateuk.net/ Climate UK st http://www.ribabookshops.co m/item/design-for-climatechange/77532/ UKCP09 (Defra) UK climate projections for the 21 Century, for use in assessing risks from a changing climate. http://ukclimateprojections.def ra.gov.uk/ PROMETHEUS data, University of Exeter Future weather files which can be used to 'future-proof' buildings against predicted climate change (based on UKCP09). http://www.arcccn.org.uk/projectsummaries/completed- 9 Fieldson, R, 2011, Climate Adaptation and Resilience on Construction Sites CIRIA, 2005, Climate change risks in building 11 Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors, 2012, Impacts of Flooding on SMEs and their Relevance to Chartered Surveyors 10 © MBE KTN 2013 Page 9 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Resource Description Where to find it projects/prometheus/ COPSE data, University of Manchester Coincident Probabilistic climate change weather data for a Sustainable built Environment. http://www.arcccn.org.uk/projectsummaries/completedprojects/copse/ UK flood risk maps, Environment Agency Maps of areas currently vulnerable to river or sea flooding. These do not account for climate change, and do not cover surface water flooding (e.g. from run-off during extreme rainfall events). http://www.environmentagency.gov.uk/homeandleisur e/37837.aspx Flood Risk Assessment (FRA) A FRA is required to obtain planning permission for a new development. The Environment Agency publish guidance on preparing a FRA. Regional councils have also produced Strategic Flood Risk Assessments (SFRAs) specific to their regional circumstances. http://www.environmentagency.gov.uk/research/plan ning/93498.aspx Surface water flood maps, Environment Agency Maps of areas susceptible to Surface Water Flooding and Flood Maps for Surface Water (held by Lead Local Flood Authorities) http://www.environmentagency.gov.uk/research/plan ning/109490.aspx Drain London Forum Investigated the risk from surface water flooding during extreme rainfall. http://www.london.gov.uk/prio rities/environment/lookingafter-londons-water/drainlondon Beat the Heat: Keeping UK buildings cool in a warming climate, UKCIP and Arup Report on the risk of overheating in UK buildings http://www.ukcip.org.uk/word press/wpcontent/PDFs/Beating_heat.p df Susdrain Large collection of resources related to water management and flooding http://www.susdrain.org/ Investigation into overheating in homes: literature review, Department for communities and Local Government (DCLG) Review by DCLG of literature on overheating in homes, and the likely impacts of retrofitting and refurbishing on the risk of overheating https://www.gov.uk/governme nt/publications/investigationinto-overheating-in-homesliterature-review Making the country resilient to a changing climate, Department for Energy and Climate Change) DECC Report from DECC for the National Adaptation Programme, outlining strategies for adaptation across a number of sectors https://www.gov.uk/governme nt/uploads/system/uploads/att achment_data/file/209866/pb 13942-nap-20130701.pdf Overheating in new homes - A review of the evidence, NHBC A review of evidence on overheating risk in new build homes http://www.nhbcfoundation.or g/Researchpublications/Over heatinginnewhomes.aspx © MBE KTN 2013 Page 10 of 29 5. Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Stage 2. How to categorise risks Once you have identified the climate risks a new development faces, these risks should be categorised to differentiate between those which require an immediate response and those which are concerns that should be monitored and considered for action in the future. One means of doing this is by using the flowchart set out in Figure 3. Figure 3 Risk categorisation flow chart, adapted from C2ES report12 1. Are climate risks a significant risk factor for the proposed development (as determined at Stage 1)? 12 13 Climate change adaptation decisions should be part of a business’s wider risk management strategy. The UKCIP and Environment Agency co-authored Risk Framework report13 distinguishes between Climate Adaptation Decisions, Climate Influenced Decisions and Climate Independent Decisions, based on the relative significance of the climate change factors compared to non-climate factors in the decision. You should determine if the risk is largely dependent on changes in climate, or if other, nonclimate factors are important. Could dealing with the other factors negate the need to consider climate projections? For example, if the risk is potentially high future energy costs, could improving the energy independence of the development, through installing micro-generation, sufficiently deal with this risk? This would also have the benefit of contributing to climate change mitigation, demonstrating the businesses’ commitment to sustainability and thus be a ‘win-win’ solution. Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions, Adapting to Climate Change: A Business Approach, 2008 UKCIP, Climate adaptation: Risk, uncertainty and decision-making, 2003 © MBE KTN 2013 Page 11 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Figure 4 Adapted from UKCIP Risk Framework report 2. Is there an immediate threat based on current conditions? To answer this question you should consider the following: Do current weather conditions and recent extreme weather events present a threat for this risk? Has the site been affected by recent floods? Did heat waves in 2003 or other years cause business losses or missed business opportunities? Have water restrictions been imposed by the water authority in this area in recent years? (For example in 2012?). What impact did it have on have on similar developments and users of those developments? Oxford University Press, Oxford – Hoare Lea 3. Does addressing the threat involve (See section 8.2 for more on this case study) long-term investment, lengthy The risk of overheating was identified as an implementation or large financial immediate risk, with considerable consequences outlay? To answer this question you for comfort, productivity and energy costs, should consider the following: making this a Category 1 risk. This was mitigated with additional thermal mass in the Is it likely to be difficult or expensive to roof, additional drinking points around the site, react to threats as they arise? and inclusion of blanked pipes for potential future additional cooling plant. Could lower cost or ‘no regret’ options The risk of flooding, while having the potential to be deployed to manage these risks? cause significant losses, was identified as not being an immediate threat from current climate Could these risks be more easily data. Low cost retrofit solutions, such as managed through earlier consideration doorway flood barriers, were identified making in the design process? this a Category 2 risk, although added adaptive capacity was required in the form of deeper door Is there scope to adapt the frames to accommodate barriers. development in the future to manage these risks? (e.g. new technology, redevelopment or relocation of buildings) © MBE KTN 2013 Page 12 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment 4. Is a high value asset at stake or is there a risk of high losses if the wrong decision is made? To answer this question you should consider the following: Will core elements of the development be impacted by the climate risks identified? Edge Lane, Liverpool – Medical Architecture (See section 8.4 for more on this case study) For this development, thermal comfort was identified as a major risk factor, with immediate consequences for the value of the development, making it a Category 1 risk. In response, a number of shading and ventilation measures were included in the design. Plant selection for the outdoor areas was identified as a risk, as some plant types may not survive well in future climates, reducing their effectiveness for providing cool spaces. As this is a longer term impact that would be relatively easy to adapt to through replanting it was identified as a Category 2 risk that should be monitored. Are the losses from the threat on the development likely to have major financial physical or reputational impacts for future building users? Could damage occur which could threaten the survival of the development? What costs have been incurred from similar scale risks at similar developments? The risk categories are defined as follows: Category 1 risks require action to be taken to adapt the development to the climate risk. Ways of addressing the risk should be researched and assessed to determine those measures which are economically viable. Examples of this category of risk may be finding that the proposed development is located in a high-risk flood area. Category 2 risks should be carefully monitored, with a view to these risks being managed in the future if the climate risk becomes more immediate. An example of this type of risk may be a vulnerability to high wind speeds, which may require action if higher wind speeds become a common feature of the UK climate. For Category 3 risks, the climate is not a major influence. 5.1 Data and information to help categorise climate risks Many of the resources from the previous stage will be useful in categorising risks. In addition the resources below contain valuable guidance: Resource Description Where to find it Adapting to Climate Change: A Business Approach, Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions Report on climate change adaptation. Identifies categories of risks, and provides guidance on categorising risks. http://www.c2es.org/docUp loads/BusinessAdaptation.pdf Climate adaptation: Risk, uncertainty and decision-making, UKCIP Technical report on identifying, categorising and prioritising risks http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wo rdpress/wpcontent/PDFs/Risk.pdf © MBE KTN 2013 Page 13 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Resource Description Where to find it Adaptation wizard tool, Environment Agency A process-based resource to help identify and manage key risks from a changing climate. Step 3 is concerned with evaluating climate risks http://www.environmentagency.gov.uk/research/1 37639.aspx © MBE KTN 2013 Page 14 of 29 6. Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Stage 3. How to identify adaptation strategies Now that you have identified key climate risks, you should explore adaptation measures that could address these risks, and look for opportunities to consider these in your project. Adaptation strategies can take the form of policy measures, such as training staff to be aware of the risks and what to do in the event of a severe weather event, technical measures such as implementing rainwater harvesting or shading, or risk-transfer measures such as purchasing appropriate insurance. In the context of the built environment, technical measures are likely to be the most relevant to project operations, and we focus on these here. However, these technical measures are most effective when complemented and reinforced by policy and risk-transfer measures. During Stage 3, all potential adaptation strategies should be considered. They will be reduced to an effective strategy through an assessment of the various options in Stage 4. Figure 5 Types of adaptation strategy When considering the technical measures available to respond to the risks identified it is important to remember the following key principles (from the introduction to this document): Early identification and prioritisation of climate risks - understand climate risks as potential design constraints at project conception and design inception. Assess and address climate risks early to facilitate ‘no regret adaptation’ – seek to address climate risks design approaches during site selection and masterplanning. This can allow lower cost adaptation by minimising or avoid climate risks entirely and/or dealing with multiple climate risks as well as non-climate risks. Designing in ‘adaptive capacity’ - where climate risks are uncertain or long term, allow ‘adaptive capacity’ within the design for future adaptation, when and if it becomes necessary. © MBE KTN 2013 Page 15 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Considering these principles, Category 1 risks should be dealt with as soon as possible, early in the design process. This will allow greater potential for ‘no regret’ adaptation options at low or no cost, such as increasing ceiling heights, adding shading or raising entrances to protect against flooding. While Category 1 risks should be the priority, it is important to consider Category 2 risks early in the design process as they too could be addressed through ‘no regret’ adaptation options. It may also be cost effective to include adaptive capacity in a design to allow low-cost mitigation of Category 2 risks. Adaptive capacity may include leaving space for additional ventilation ducting, more plant machinery or designing internal walls and fittings so that they can be easily moved or changed. Many of these adaptation strategies may have an impact on the success or feasibility of other strategies. The interrelationships between different strategies should also be identified, in order to understand their potential impact most clearly. 6.1 Guidance on identifying adaptation options Resource Description Where to find it Identifying Adaptation Options, UKCIP A guide to identifying climate adaptation options http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wo rdpress/wpcontent/PDFs/ID_Adapt_o ptions.pdf Economics of Climate Resilience, Defra Discusses adaptation options for a range of industries. Phase one investigated nine key adaptation challenges, split across five themes: Agriculture and Forestry; Buildings and Infrastructure; Business and Services; Health and Well-Being; and Natural Environment. http://randd.defra.gov.uk/D efault.aspx?Module=More &Location=None&ProjectI D=18016 Adaptation Wizard tool, Environment Agency A process-based resource to help identify and manage key risks from a changing climate. Step 4 provides guidance on how to identify adaptation options strategies and evaluate them according to selected criteria. http://www.environmentagency.gov.uk/research/1 37639.aspx Design for Future Climate competition projects Useful case studies for businesses working in the built environment. These projects developed adaptation strategies for a range of new build and refurbishment projects, and identified many effective measures for adapting to the effects of climate change. https://connect.innovateuk. org/web/design-for-futureclimate/projects-outputs Climate Adaptation – Guidance on insurance issues for new developments, Association of British Insurers Information and guidance on how climate change affects insurance (risk-transfer) for new developments. www.climatewise.org.uk/st orage/publications/viewAtt achment.pdf Beat the Heat: Identifies the most effective passive cooling http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wo © MBE KTN 2013 Page 16 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Resource Description Where to find it Keeping UK buildings cool in a warming climate, UKCIP and Arup adaptation options for UK buildings. rdpress/wpcontent/PDFs/Beating_hea t.pdf Conserving water in buildings, Environment Agency A practical guide to reducing water consumption in buildings http://publications.environ mentagency.gov.uk/pdf/GEHO1 107BNJR-E-E.pdf Environment Agency Interactive Flood House Interactive guide for protecting domestic property from flooding http://www.environmentagency.gov.uk/homeandlei sure/floods/31644.aspx Your social housing in a changing climate, London Climate Change Partnership Report on the implementation of adaptation measures in social housing in London http://climatelondon.org.uk /wpcontent/uploads/2013/02/Y our-social-housing-in-achanging-climate.pdf 6.2 Examples of adaptation options for the built environment from Design for Future Climate (DfFC) projects The below table shows some of the adaptation options proposed by DfFC projects. Further details of these projects are provided in the case studies section below. These are collections of potential adaptation strategies, collated before any assessment was made of the most suitable approach. Therefore, many of these adaptation measures were not included in the final designs. Policy - Technical Technical (Comfort) (Water management) Increased thermal mass in ceiling to regulate temperatures. Oxford University Press, Oxford Hoare Lea Roof design altered to allow for future plant mezzanine so more equipment may be installed if needed. Knock-out panels and blank pipes to allow for future additional cooling systems. Modularised boilers so each module can be run at close to peak efficiency, even when the load changes. Additional drinking points for staff. © MBE KTN 2013 Increased diameter of drain pipes to provide greater capacity during storm events. Deepened door frames to allow installation of flood barriers in the future. Step-up into plant room to avoid floodwater ingress and keep plant operational. Increase the capacity of the storm water drainage, filtration and storage systems to attenuate flooding. Page 17 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Policy 100 City Road, London Arup Relax thermal comfort criteria to account for changes in comfort requirements as external temperatures increase Technical Technical (Comfort) (Water management) Limit solar gains using external shading. - Limit internal lighting/ equipment gains with high efficiency installations. Improved insulation to reduce heating demand. Increase room height and air distribution to improve occupant comfort. Night time ventilation to achieve free cooling and increased thermal mass to regulate temperatures. Adapt the design to allow mixed mode ventilation and cross ventilation to offset cooling demand through use of natural ventilation when appropriate. Co-operative Head Office, Manchester Buro Happold Management measures to improve productivity Edge Lane, Liverpool Medical Architecture Double skin façade to provide natural ventilation. Increased capacity rainwater collection tank. Earth duct to supply cool, fresh air. Increased capacity flood attenuation tank. Access to external space Increased shading through planting and manufactured shades. Emergency evacuation plan New glass technologies to reduce solar glare. Low water use fittings such as low flow toilets and taps and grey/rain water storage to reduce fresh water use. Low flood risk location Reflective materials to reflect incident solar radiation. New irrigation techniques to reduce mains water use for green spaces. Night ventilation and increased thermal mass to regulate temperatures. Increased drain capacity to reduce flooding. Improved staff awareness and preparedness Green roof and planting/water to improve external micro-climate. Improved insulation and heat reclaimed from exhaust air to reduce heating costs in winter. © MBE KTN 2013 Page 18 of 29 7. Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Stage 4. How to assess the value of adaptation measures Assessing the costs and benefits, and overall value, of a particular adaptation strategy is an important task that can often be complex.. The costs may not be well defined, particularly with policy measures, and the benefits are challenging to quantify, as savings are based on unpredictable, extreme events or are long-term savings, for which appropriate discount rates are difficult to define. Adaptation strategies can be broadly placed into 4 categories: No regrets Low regrets Win-win High cost Some adaptation measures may fall into several of these categories, depending on the circumstances or the stage of the project at which the adaptation is implemented. In general, the earlier a measure is implemented, the more the costs (and potential regrets) are reduced. ‘No regrets options’ can be predicted to have a net benefit and value regardless of how the climate changes. For example, if choosing between two potential sites of equal cost where one is at greater risk of flooding under future climate projections, selecting the site with the reduced risk of flooding does not impose any additional cost and, therefore, there is no regret if the future flooding does not materialise. ‘Low regrets options’ are relatively low cost adaptation measures where the benefits are expected to be large, but will only be realised given the progression of climate change. For example, Edge Lane, Liverpool – Medical Architecture increasing ceiling heights to improve thermal (See section 8.4 for more on this case study) comfort may incur an initial cost, but this is likely For this project, the designers developed a to be offset by cooling savings as we experience scoring system for adaptation measures, rating warmer summers. the level of risk, the likely effectiveness and the ‘Win-win options’ are those that deliver benefits from a climate change adaptation point of view, and further benefits to other business goals, such as reducing energy costs, improving working conditions or improving working practices. It is important to consider synergies between adaptation measures. For example, low-flow water fittings can reduce water demand for buildings in areas of water stress, and also reduce energy costs for water heating. Thus, one cost outlay may contribute to multiple savings. cost of implementation, each on a 1-3 scale. The overall score was then Risk Effectiveness Cost Those with the highest overall score were identified as most desirable. For example, the risk of overheating was rated as high (3), the effectiveness of allowing access to outside space was rated as high (3) and the cost as low (1), resulting in a maximum score of 9. ‘High cost options’ involve decisions on large-scale planning and investments with high irreversibility. In view of the considerable consequences at stake, the significant investment costs and the long-lived nature of the infrastructure, uncertainties in future climate projections play a crucial role when making decisions about whether to implement high-regret adaptation measures. Justifying these options depends on the risk appetite of the organisation and an understanding of the opportunity costs of over-adaptation against the potential impact of under-adaptation. For example, a development may be located on a site with an ostensibly low flood risk, and implementing defences against the remote possibility of surface water flooding may be prohibitively expensive. However, if the development were a nuclear power station, the potential consequences may be so severe that a wider margin of safety is justified. © MBE KTN 2013 Page 19 of 29 7.1 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Assessing the justification for adaptation options For ‘no regrets’ and ‘low regrets’ adaptation options, the justification for action is relatively straightforward. The costs are low, and the total benefits are expected to outweigh the costs. This may also be the case for some ‘win-win’ options. In these cases detailed assessment of the value of the adaptation strategies may not be needed to justify their implementation. For ‘high cost’ and some ‘win-win’ options the costs are likely to be high and the benefits more complex. A more detailed assessment of the value of the adaptation strategies may be needed to justify their implementation. The Climate Ready Support Service is producing guidance on assessing the financial and non-financial benefits of high-cost adaptation options, particularly considering the impacts of flooding and overheating (due Autumn 2013). In addition, the guidance below can be used to help in making this assessment. Figure 6 Cost-benefit comparison for adaptation strategies 7.2 Guidance on assessing the value of adaptation strategies Resource Description Where to find it Costing the impacts of climate change in the UK and Costings spreadsheet, UKCIP These guidelines set out a clear, consistent methodology for quantifying the economic cost of a range of climate impacts, so that the cost can be directly compared to the cost of implementing adaptation measures. http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wor dpress/wpcontent/PDFs/Costings_ov erview.pdf Accounting for the Effects of Climate Change, Defra Guidance for appraising climate change costs and the benefits of adaptation measures. http://archive.defra.gov.uk/ environment/climate/docum ents/adaptationguidance.pdf Shaping climateresilient development, Economics of Climate Adaptation Working Group Presents examples of assessing the costs and benefits of climate change adaptation, although this report mainly focusses on regional-scale adaptation. http://ec.europa.eu/develop ment/icenter/repository/EC A_Shaping_Climate_Resile nt_Development.pdf © MBE KTN 2013 http://www.ukcip.org.uk/cos tings/costing-spreadsheet/ Page 20 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Resource Description Where to find it Climate change adaptation by design, Town and Country Planning Association Contains information on the benefits of adaptation, and how some adaptation measures result in multiple benefits. http://www.tcpa.org.uk/pag es/climate-changeadaptation-by-design.html Your social housing in a changing climate, London Climate Change Partnership Includes an example of cost-benefit assessment of adaptation measures for social housing http://climatelondon.org.uk/ wpcontent/uploads/2013/02/Y our-social-housing-in-achanging-climate.pdf Potential costs and benefits of adaptation options: A review of existing literature. Technical paper UNFCCC Reviews methods of costing adaptation options and assessing their benefits. http://unfccc.int/resource/d ocs/2009/tp/02.pdf Climate change: the cost of inaction and the cost of adaptation, European Environment Agency Report on the likely costs of not adapting to climate change, with complementary information on the costs of adaptation http://www.eea.europa.eu/p ublications/technical_report _2007_13 Now the priority risks to a development or project have been identified and potential adaptation options costed, a case for adaptation measures to be factored into the project can be made. Making the case for a client to respond to climate risks with high impacts and certainty, and to adopt ‘no regrets’ and ‘low regrets’ adaptation measures, is likely to be more straightforward compared to responding to more tenuous climate risks and adopting high cost adaptation measures. Where the latter is concerned, allowing capacity to adapt in the future may be a more pragmatic approach. Even if only ‘no regrets’ and ‘low regrets’ adaptation measures can be accommodated in the short term, this will at least will begin to ground climate change adaptation principles into developments and set the scope and opportunity for further adaptation in the future. © MBE KTN 2013 Page 21 of 29 8. Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Case studies: Design for Future Climate The Design for Future Climate competition was launched by the Technology Strategy Board in 2010 to provide funding for the development of adaptation strategies for new build and refurbishment projects. In total, 48 projects received funding through the project. From these, we have selected four example projects to demonstrate the process outlined in this guidance, and to illustrate approaches to developing adaptation strategies for your own business and projects. More information on these and other Design for Future Climate projects can be found at the MBE KTN website: https://connect.innovateuk.org/web/design-for-future-climate 8.1 Co-operative Head Office, Manchester – Buro Happold The Co-operative head office is a new, high-specification office building in Manchester City Centre. Buro Happold undertook the climate change adaptation study during the detailed design and early construction stages of the project. The initial building design already incorporated a number of modern adaptation measures, such as shading, insulation and rainwater harvesting. © MBE KTN 2013 Page 22 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment A climate change risk assessment was carried out using the UKCP09 climate projections. Due to the expected lifespan of the building, the projections for the 2030s and 2050s were used to assess the climate change impacts. The primary risks identified were overheating and flooding. Business advantages Adaptation measures were selected for analysis and assessed using the Adaptation Wizard. The measures chosen were: Double-skin façade Earth duct (air supplied via buried duct to benefit from stable ground temperatures Management and operational measures (flexible working) Improved staff awareness and preparedness Increased flood attenuation tank The project resulted in economic benefits for both the engineers and the clients. The engineers gained knowledge and expertise which can be used for technical advantage when advising other clients. The client gains from the fact that the building hardware will not need to be upgraded in the future to cope with overheating, and the productivity of the employees is predicted to be improved thanks to incorporating their comfort needs up front in the building design. One of the adaptation measures expected to be most effective is the adaptation of management and operational measures to improve the adaptive capacity of individual staff. While this will require on-going training and practice, it is a relatively low-cost measure for significant productivity gain. The engineers used building energy modelling and dynamic thermal modelling to generate predictions of energy use and internal comfort under a number of future scenarios, to show the effectiveness of the adaptation measures. Improving staff awareness and preparedness was found to be one of the most effective adaptation measures, while being very low-cost to implement. The approach to surface water management was to size the drainage system to cope with a 1 in 100 year event with a 30% additional allowance for climate change. The engineers used drainage analysis software to determine the response of the drainage system to such an event, and to 1 in 200,300, 500 and 1000 year events to test the robustness of the design. 8.2 Oxford University Press, Oxford – Hoare Lea This project involved the refurbishment and extension of the Oxford University Press (OUP) existing office space. The study found that many of the existing features of the building were beneficial in reducing climate risks, such as a heavyweight concrete structure with a large amount of exposed concrete, allowing the use of thermal mass to attenuate temperature swings. The risk assessment for the site identified seven major risks: Need for additional cooling: The number of hours during which natural ventilation can be used for cooling effectively is predicted to decrease as external temperatures increase, resulting in greater demand for mechanical cooling. Mismatch in heating capacity and load: As the external temperatures increase, the demand for heating will reduce, resulting in boilers running inefficiently at partial load. Need for more comfortable outdoor space: The external spaces used by staff currently have very little shading available. This may lead to them being uncomfortable spaces for people to spend time in. © MBE KTN 2013 Page 23 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Risk of flood damage to façade: Above 450mm from ground level, the façade material is render which is likely to be damaged if flood water reaches this level. Downpipe capacities: Using hypothetical extreme rainfall scenarios, the flows through the downpipes were found to be above capacity. Increased rainwater run-off and attenuation: The site is in an low-risk area for flooding by sea or rivers. However, the potential for flooding during high-intensity storms is less well understood. Impacts of utility supplies: Investigations revealed that the gas suppliers did not have a contingency plan in place to ensure the supplies are flood-proof. Therefore, there may be a risk of losing gas supply during extreme weather events. The risks were assessed using climate projections where available. Predictions of flooding due to extreme rainfall were not available, and so recommendations were made based on hypothetical scenarios. Where the adaptation to these risks did not involve substantial structural adaptation, these were effectively ‘Category 2’ risks, which require ongoing monitoring, rather than immediate action. Business advantages The engineers on this project indicate that this project has helped develop their understanding of designing more adaptable buildings. This will lead to an improved service for their clients, and is a differentiator when bidding for future projects. The client’s desire was to achieve the best building possible, and the adaptation measures that have been put in place will ensure that the building will remain at the highest standards long into the 21st Century. A suite of adaptation measures to mitigate each of the risks above was compiled and costed, with proposed timescales for implementation. While a distinct cost-benefit analysis was not carried out, this was left for the client to do when they come to selecting the measures they wish to proceed with. © MBE KTN 2013 Page 24 of 29 8.3 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment 100 City Road, London – Arup This study assessed the climate resilience of a new build office block in central London. As a highspecification, modern development, many effective adaptation measures were included in the initial design such as exposed thermal mass, generous floor heights and radiant cooling. Through risk assessment workshops, the major climate change risk was identified as overheating of the internal spaces. Comparisons were made between a 2005 Test Reference Year (TRY) and the UKCP09 climate projections for 2020, 2050 and 2080, with the annual hours of overheating found to increase from 29 in 2005 to 615 in 2080. Ten strategies were proposed to mitigate the impact of increasing temperatures. Dynamic thermal modelling was used to test the efficacy of each of these strategies. Following a cost-benefit analysis of all of the strategies, those chosen to go forward with were: Increasing the maximum summer temperature from 26°C to 28°C as users are likely to adapt to higher temperatures as the climate warms. This is a low-cost adaptation that delivers significant energy savings. Night time cooling to be designed into the building management to take advantage of the available free cooling. This, again, is a low-cost, low-complexity adaptation strategy that delivers significant energy savings and enhanced comfort level. Increase potential to integrate shading devices at a later date. While increased shading does not deliver a positive cost-benefit balance in current conditions, it is expected to be more economically feasible by 2050. Increasing the openable areas in the façade to enhance natural ventilation was also considered, and found to offer potential savings. However, this was not implemented due to safety concerns associated with the very large opening areas required. This measure may be implemented in the future if these concerns could be overcome. For this particular building, certain adaptations were influenced by the requirements of the owner of the building (e.g. structural adaptations such as external shading and ventilation systems), and others were influenced by the tenants’ requirements (e.g. relaxing the thermal comfort criteria, limiting equipment gains). It was, therefore, necessary to communicate with both stakeholder groups to explain the benefits of the adaptations. © MBE KTN 2013 Business advantages The project provided the engineers with an opportunity to enhance their expertise, and can now be used as an example of the firm’s expertise in adaptation. The building owners will benefit from reduced energy costs, reduced future upgrade costs, and being able to use the building’s adaptive capacity as a selling point to prospective clients. The tenants will benefit from the productivity benefits of a working environment which is comfortable yearround, including during heat-waves and as the climate warms up. Page 25 of 29 8.4 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Edge Lane, Liverpool – Medical Architecture This project assessed a new build, single-storey mental health facility in Liverpool. A climate change risk assessment was carried out to identify risks in the short, medium and long term, using the UKCP09 climate projections for 2030, 2050 and 2080. The major risk for the development was identified as maintaining comfort levels, which is of particular concern for a medical facility, although structural and water management risks were also assessed. In particular, the access requirements mandate the use of thresholds at ground level, so water ingress could potentially be a problem if local flooding occurred. Business advantages As an architectural practice specialising in medical facilities, the experience of this project provides the architects with expertise and experience which they can use to their advantage in marketing their skills. The clients will have a facility which operates to a high standard for many years, with savings in energy costs and the potential costs of adapting for comfort which would have been incurred if this adaptation assessment had not been carried out. The value of such a facility is, of course, not defined solely in terms of financial factors, and the needs of patients have been considered a high priority at all stages. The climate change adaptation measures will help to maintain the comfort conditions required for successful treatment and rehabilitation. A range of potential adaptation measures was initially proposed for managing the climate risks. A cost-benefit analysis was carried out using Oxford Brookes University’s Climate Change Hazards and Risk Assessment to quantify the risks, and dynamic thermal modelling to quantify the effectiveness of the measures. © MBE KTN 2013 Page 26 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Those measures with the highest ‘score’ (high risk and high effectiveness) were recommended to for implementation. After discussion with the client about their requirements and concerns, the implemented adaptation measures included: Shading using planting Night ventilation Use of reflective materials Access to external spaces to alleviate overheating Shaded parking areas and pathways High levels of insulation and air tightness, with heat recovery in winter to maintain constant temperatures Low water use fittings to reduce use of fresh water Slot drainage at thresholds to prevent water ingress Selection of plants to take advantage of transpiration cooling, and extensive planting around the site to modify the microclimate and avoid any heat island effect. Other measures which may become necessary in the medium to long-term have also been identified and recommended for future implementation. These measures will provide a pleasant, consistent environment for both staff and patients over the course of the century. 9. Recommended reading The reports included here provide detailed information on various aspects of adapting to climate change. These reports go in to far greater detail than this guidance, and are recommended for those who wish to develop a deeper understanding of the issues. These reports also contain guidance which is useful in completing the various stages of this guidance. Economics of Climate Resilience (2013) This extensive report, compiled by a consortium of Ecofys, Frontier Economics and Irbaris, was published in 2013. The report assesses the UK’s capacity to adapt to the future challenges of climate change and the degree to which adaptation action is already being taken or planned. The work was commissioned by Defra and the Devolved Administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to inform the UK’s first National Adaptation Programme report. The report is built around five themes, with the ‘Buildings and Infrastructure’ and ‘Business and Services’ themes directly relevant to those operating in the built environment. Design for Climate Change (2013) Architect Bill Gething and journalist Katie Puckett have authored this book, published by the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), on designing for adaptation in the construction sector. The book focusses on three key questions: how today’s buildings will perform in the future climate; how designs can be future-proofed, and at what cost; and how can designers, contractors and suppliers communicate the challenges and potential solutions to their clients. UK Climate Change Risk Assessment (2012) © MBE KTN 2013 Page 27 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment The UK CCRA is an assessment, commissioned by Defra, of over 100 climate-related risks, and their potential impact for eleven sectors or research areas. The built environment is one of the eleven sectors. The sector report for the built environment identifies the major climate-related risks as: heating and cooling; urban heat island effects; effectiveness of green space; subsidence; flooding; and the water supply-demand deficit. Companies, communities and climate change (2011) This is a guide to sustainable development and adaptation for businesses and communities, compiled by Caring for Climate, a joint venture between the UN, Oxfam and the World Resources Institute. The report outlines a four-point business case for adaptation and discusses the dangers of maladaptation (adaptation that has negative consequences elsewhere), potential approaches to adaptation and policy measures which may assist in implementing effective adaptation. Design for Future Climate: Opportunities for adaptation in the built environment (2010) This report by architect Bill Gething, published by the Technology Strategy Board (TSB) provides guidance for designing and adapting buildings in the UK for climate change. The report is structured around three key areas: designing for comfort; construction; and managing water. The report also includes one-page summaries of issues and opportunities for each area, to use as quick references for designers. Climate change impacts decision framework for DCMS sectors: Guidance on financial resilience (2010) The Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) commissioned Arup to compile this guide to help creative organisations to improve their financial resilience to climate change. While targeted at organisations which fall under the scope of DCMS, much of the guidance is also relevant to the built environment. Shaping climate-resilient development (2009) This report by the Economics of Climate Adaptation Working Group presents a decision-making framework for climate change adaptation, built around two sets of tools. The first quantifies the total climate risk for a location, and the second uses cost-benefit analysis to evaluate the most appropriate adaptation measures. The report includes a number of case studies, including one for Hull, UK. The study focusses on flood, wind and sea-level risks. The study shows that expected losses for Hull were estimated at $55.3m per year in 2008, and are expected to increase to between $78.2m and $96.0m. The cost-benefit analysis shows that 65% of the total loss can be averted with cost-effective measures such as training, sea and river defences, flood proofing and increased drainage, among others. London’s Commercial Building Stock and Climate Change Adaptation: Design, Finance and Legal Implications (2009) The London Climate Change Partnership published this report on the commercial implications of climate change adaptation. The report includes sections on planning, project valuation and legal issues. While the report is focussed on implications for London’s commercial building stock, the information and conclusions are broadly applicable to the built environment throughout the UK. Adapting to Climate Change: A Business Approach (2008) This report, by the Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions, outlines a case for businesses to adapt to climate change in order to reduce vulnerability to risk. The report provides a methodology for identifying © MBE KTN 2013 Page 28 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment risks within the business, in the supply chain and in the wider context. These risks are then categorised into three groups: those requiring immediate action; those requiring on-going monitoring of the climate conditions; and those which do not require action with regard to climate change. Three example case studies are presented of a large utility company, an insurance provider and a major multinational mining company. Climate change adaptation by design (2007) The Town and Country Planning Association compiled this report to outline the need for planning to consider adaptation to climate change. The report summarises the risks of climate change, and highlights a number of potential advantages of adaptation. They point out how many adaptation strategies result in multiple benefits, and how adaptation can protect investments and reduce insurance costs. 10. Web-based climate change adaptation resources for the built environment These online resources provide easy access to guidance, tools and data that can be used to help you make the case for adaptation. They are included here as a reference points for both those interested in developing an adaptation strategy and those with a broader interest in climate change adaptation issues in the UK. 10.1 UK Regional Resources Climate UK (http://www.climateuk.net/) acts as an umbrella organisation for regional climate partnerships across the UK. These regional groups are an excellent source of climate change adaptation information and case studies specific to a particular region. Adaptation Scotland http://www.adaptationscotland.org.uk Climate Northern Ireland http://www.climatenorthernireland.org.uk/ Welsh Government http://wales.gov.uk/ Climate Change Northwest http://www.climatechangenorthwest.co.uk/ Sustainability West Midlands http://www.sustainabilitywestmidlands.org.uk/ Climate South West http://climatesouthwest.org/ Your Climate – Yorkshire and Humber http://www.yourclimate.org/ Climate East Midlands http://www.climate-em.org.uk/ Climate South East http://www.climatesoutheast.org.uk/ Climate North East http://www.climatenortheast.com/ Sustainability East http://www.sustainabilityeast.org.uk/ London Climate Change Partnership http://climatelondon.org.uk/ 10.2 Climate change adaptation resources Climate Ready (http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/137557.aspx) the Environment Agency’s climate ready support service provides practical resources and information to help businesses and other organisations live with the changing climate, now and in the future. Useful resources include: © MBE KTN 2013 Page 29 of 29 Guidance for making the case for climate change adaptation in the built environment Adaptation Wizard: Provides a process to identify vulnerability to climate risks and select adaptation strategies BACLIAT (Business Areas Climate Impacts Assessment Tool): Useful for exploring the implications of climate change for your business Climate change adaptation: building the business case. Produced by IEMA (with Defra and the Environment Agency) for environment and sustainability professionals this guide will help the reader identify and build effective business case for adaptation. (http://www.iema.net/readingroom/articles/cca-business-case-guidance) Assessing and managing climate change risks in supply chains helps businesses identify climate risks and opportunities and demonstrates how this understanding can be integrated into established business practices for addressing risk across supply chains. UKCIP (http://www.ukcip.org.uk/) provide information and guidance on climate change adaptation. They have a range of tools available which can be used to assess and adapt to climate risks. Risk Framework: A decision-making framework to help judge the significance of climate risks relative to other business risks Identifying Adaptation Options: advice and guidance on identifying potential adaptations MBE KTN Climate Change Adaptation Group (https://connect.innovateuk.org/web/climate-changeadaptation/) is an online portal, providing up-to-date information on climate change adaptation projects and initiatives, including the outputs from the Design for Future Climate competition projects. ClimateCost – the Full Costs of Climate Change (http://www.climatecost.cc/) is a major research project on the economics of climate change UK Green Building Council, “Pinpont” (http://pinpoint.ukgbc.org/) is a climate change resource search engine. The resources available include case studies, guidance, tools and policy documents. ClimateWise (http://www.climatewise.org.uk/) is a global insurance industry group encouraging action on climate change risks. Water UK (http://www.water.org.uk/home/policy/climate-change/adaptation-briefing) provides guidance on how climate change will affect water supplies in the UK. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) (http://www.cibse.org/) provides a range of technical guidance documents and resources on adapting buildings to climate risks including overheating, water efficiency and flood risk. Adaptation and Resilience in a Changing Climate – Coordination Network (ARCC CN) (http://www.arcc-cn.org.uk/project-summaries/) The ARCC CN brings together researchers and stakeholders involved in adaptation to climate change in p the built environment and infrastructure sectors. Its website provides one page summaries and links to further information for research projects that are part of the network. © MBE KTN 2013