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Evidence for a novel human-specific xeno-auto-antibody response against vascular endothelium by Tho Pham, Christopher J. Gregg, Felix Karp, Renee Chow, Vered PadlerKaravani, Hongzhi Cao, Xi Chen, Joseph L. Witztum, Nissi M. Varki, and Ajit Varki Blood Volume 114(25):5225-5235 December 10, 2009 ©2009 by American Society of Hematology Detection of Neu5Gc in aortic endothelium of human autopsy samples and microvasculature of colon and placenta. Tho Pham et al. Blood 2009;114:5225-5235 ©2009 by American Society of Hematology Affinity-purified human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies bind specifically to Neu5Gc on endothelial cells of aorta sections and vasa vasorum. Tho Pham et al. Blood 2009;114:5225-5235 ©2009 by American Society of Hematology Human serum antibodies react against Neu5Gc-loaded endothelium. Tho Pham et al. Blood 2009;114:5225-5235 ©2009 by American Society of Hematology Human serum enhances adhesion molecule expression and PBMC binding on Neu5Gc-loaded endothelium. Tho Pham et al. Blood 2009;114:5225-5235 ©2009 by American Society of Hematology Neu5Gc in the endothelium and subendothelium of atherosclerotic plaques. Tho Pham et al. Blood 2009;114:5225-5235 ©2009 by American Society of Hematology TNF-α augments human antibody reactivity against Neu5Gc-loaded endothelium. Tho Pham et al. Blood 2009;114:5225-5235 ©2009 by American Society of Hematology Affinity-purified human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies bind specifically to Neu5Gc-loaded endothelial membrane glycoproteins and induce complement deposition. Tho Pham et al. Blood 2009;114:5225-5235 ©2009 by American Society of Hematology