Download Estimated Prevalence of the Oklahoma Adult Felon Population

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Criminal Justice
Resource Center
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among
the Oklahoma Adult Population
September 2006
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
2
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Oklahoma Incarceration Rate:
Oklahoma has a long history of a high incarceration rate, as documented by the annual publications of the U.S. Department of Justice,
Bureau of Justice Statistics. At midyear 2005 (Harrison and Beck, 2006) there were more than 2.1 million persons in the custody of
state and federal prisons, and local jails. In Oklahoma nearly 1% of the entire adult population (those aged 18 or over) was in prison
at the end of August 2006. Between 1995 and 2005 nationally the number of prisoners in state prisons grew at a rate of 2.5% per year.
The Oklahoma prison population grew faster, at a rate of 2.9% per year during this same ten year period.
In addition to nationwide increases in the prison and jail populations, the incarceration rate per 100,000 resident population also
increased. Between 1995 and 2005 the national incarceration rate for all state prisoners increased by 14%, from 379 per 100,000 to
433 per 100,000 at midyear 2005. Oklahoma outpaced the national statistics, increasing 22% from 536 prisoners per 100,000 in 1995
to 655 per 100,000 in 2005. For the last twenty years Oklahoma has been a high incarceration state, ranking among the top four every
year since 1986 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2006; Oklahoma Department of Corrections, 2002, p 24).
Incarceration rates document the extent of imprisonment (those in prison) at fixed points in time, compared to the total state
population. What effect has the high incarceration rate over a long period of time had on the total population of Oklahoma? Is it
possible to estimate how many former prisoners, and total convicted felons live in Oklahoma? Given Oklahoma’s long history of a
high incarceration rate, it was anticipated that the prevalence of imprisonment (current and formerly imprisoned people) in
Oklahoma’s adult population would be high compared to similar data for the entire nation.
Consequences of a High Incarceration Rate:
The cost of housing the continually increasing inmate population has long been a primary concern related to the increasing
incarceration rate. Two other factors related to the long term increase in the prison population, and more specifically to how the
increase affects the general population, have more recently received national attention. The first factor is “Disparity”. The increase in
imprisonment has not been proportionally distributed among all segments of the resident population. It was estimated that among
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
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males between 25 and 29 years of age, 12% of all Black males, 3.9% of all Hispanic males and 1.7% of all White males were in prison
or jail on June 30, 2005 (Harrison and Beck, 2006). On June 30, 2005 men were more than 14 times more likely than women to be
incarcerated in a State or Federal prison. In recent years the Bureau of Justice Statistics has produced two of the most quoted
statistical facts in U.S. criminal justice, i.e. that 28.5% of Black men would be admitted to prison in their lifetimes (Bonczar and Beck,
1997) which was subsequently updated in 2003 (Bonczar, 2003) to the current estimate that in their lifetimes 32.2% of Black males in
the U.S. are expected to go to prison during their lifetime. This rather astounding finding was one of the more memorable items
produced in a series of two U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics reports exploring both the prevalence of
imprisonment (i.e. the number of persons who are in prison or previously have been in prison, as of a given point in time) and the
lifetime likelihood of persons going to prison, sometime, at least once in their lifetimes.
The second factor receiving national attention is “Reentry”, the process of leaving prison or jail and returning to society. It seems that
there has been a collective realization that with a large and increasing imprisoned population (incarceration rate), and with large and
increasing numbers of persons being sent to prisons (receptions), that there are large and increasing numbers of persons exiting prison.
Prison releases increased by 11.1% between 2000 and 2004, from 604,000 to over 672,000 in calendar year 2004. Prison receptions
grew even faster, 11.5%, to 697,000 during this same time period (Harrison and Beck, 2006).
As increasing numbers join the ranks of “ex-offenders” the concept of reentry, and the barriers that complicate that process take on
added significance. In addition to the traditional problems faced by former inmates, for example, finding employers willing to hire
them, and finding suitable housing, there are some new (and old) “collateral consequences” or what have been termed “invisible
punishments” (Mauer, 2003). In many cases these “invisible punishments” apply to convicted felons, including those who received
suspended sentences and served a period of probation, not just persons who served time in prison.
One common, and longstanding, invisible punishment is the loss of the right to vote, or disenfranchisement. Forty-eight states and the
District of Columbia prohibit inmates from voting while incarcerated (The Sentencing Project, 2006). Thirty-six states prohibit felons
from voting while they are on parole, and 31 of these states exclude felony probationers as well. In Oklahoma persons convicted of a
felony may not register to vote for the time period prescribed in their judgment and sentence, i.e. the calendar length of their sentences
(Love, 2005). Convicted felons in Oklahoma may not sit on a jury. Nationally the enforcement of criminal disenfranchisement laws
at the local level is confusing, and apparently not well understood by local officials whose task it is to enforce the voting ban (Ewald,
2005). The process for restoring an offender’s voting rights is also peculiar to each state or locality. In Oklahoma offenders can
receive a Governor’s pardon to restore their right to vote. In some jurisdictions (states) the restoration process is very confusing, and
few ex-offenders take advantage of the restoration process. Recently enacted Federal laws provide additional “collateral
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
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consequences” for drug offenders. These include a lifetime ban on the receipt of welfare or food stamp benefits, access to public
housing, and loss of eligibility for student loans for higher education.
Oklahoma Felons:
Given the obvious growth in the prison population in the U.S. over the last thirty years, and the certainly similar growth in the total
population of felony offenders in the U.S., it is somewhat surprising that there is a lack of basic research in this area. Apparently the
job has been left to the federal government. The current report is an attempt to replicate the imprisonment prevalence national
findings specifically for Oklahoma. The fact that Oklahoma has consistently been a high incarceration state should lead to interesting
comparisons to the national statistics, particularly for female felons, since Oklahoma has ranked first in the imprisonment of female
offenders (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2006). The current study also extended the analysis beyond imprisonment to the entire felon
population, including those persons who were supervised on probation, but never went to prison.
Method
Oklahoma Data Sources:
In Oklahoma automated data has been compiled extending back to 1900, pre-dating Oklahoma statehood in 1907. The early
information was collected first in logbooks at the two original Oklahoma prisons (Oklahoma State Penitentiary (OSP), and Oklahoma
State Reformatory (OSR)). Over time, the data collection method was transferred to 3*5 index cards at these two sites. During the
mid 1990’s as part of a data quality improvement project, these data on the cards and logbooks were entered into a computerized,
standalone data file maintained by the research unit of the Department of Corrections (DOC). A total of 113,596 prison receptions
between 1900 and 1985 were entered into this data file.
The second source of information for the study came from the online database system, now referred to as the OMS (Offender
Management System) which, by way of a couple data migrations, evolved from the original automated data system implemented in
1978 to the current web-based OMS in use during 2006. The second data source for this study was the Offender Profile Extract,
which contained demographic information on all offenders entered into the system in 1978, plus all new convicted felons sentenced
either to prison or to probation supervision, including the 58,000 offenders in custody or jurisdiction of the DOC at the time of this
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
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study. Historically, offenders supervised temporarily as part of a deferred judgment process were expunged from the system upon
completion of the supervision period. Technically, such offenders were not convicted felons. In July, 2006 the Offender Profile
Extract contained information on approximately 229,000 individuals. The combined file from the two sources of Oklahoma offender
information contained more than 343,000 data records. The tasks of the current study were to (1.) eliminate duplicate entries from the
combined data file; (2.) estimate the number of ex-offenders (those no longer supervised or incarcerated) who were still alive in 2006;
and (3.) calculate the imprisonment and felon rates for the Oklahoma adult population, and for each of the various gender, racial and
ethnic segments of that population.
Record Processing:
The first step in processing the data files eliminated any records from the cards file with a name (first name and last name) that was
duplicated in the offender profile. Second, offenders currently incarcerated or supervised by DOC (i.e. active cases) were removed
from the profile and saved. The remaining closed offenders were combined with the remaining records from the cards file. A record
key was created including the offender name, plus birth month and birth year. The combined file was sorted by the key, and only
unduplicated records were saved. The third and final step added the active offenders back to the resulting unduplicated file of closed
offenders. This file was matched to a file of all prison receptions to determine if each individual had ever been incarcerated. The final
data file contained records for 279,148 current and former offenders.
Mortality and Population Data:
The final steps in the analysis involved estimating the number of closed offenders still living as of 2006, and then calculating the
imprisonment and total felon (including probationers) prevalence rates for the resident, adult population of Oklahoma. This analysis
did not take into account potential changes due to offenders still living that may have subsequently moved from Oklahoma to another
state. In effect, it was assumed that in-migration of offenders to Oklahoma from other states offset any out-migration of offenders
from Oklahoma. Because the mortality rate for females is lower than males in Oklahoma for every age group other than infants
(Oklahoma State Department of Health, 2006), and the offender population in Oklahoma is heavily weighted to males (the inmate
population was 90% male and 10% female at the end of calendar year 2005 ), separate mortality calculations were performed for
males and females within each of four categories: The overall offender population, White (Non-Hispanic), Black (Non-Hispanic), and
Hispanic populations. The overall total and total for each racial/ethnic group became the sum of the calculations for males and
females in that category. Mortality rates for each age (in ten year increments) and gender and racial/ethnic category were obtained
from the Oklahoma State Department of Health. The mortality rates for offenders were calculated as 20% higher for every age under
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
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65, and the same for ages 65+ (Bonczar, 2003, p. 11). In the current study an estimated cumulative mortality rate from age 17 to the
offender age as of July, 2006 was calculated based on the 2004 rates provided by the Oklahoma State Department of Health. The
enhanced mortality rates were applied to all former offenders, not just former prisoners. The estimated cumulative mortality rate for
ages 75+ were combined and set at twice the cumulative mortality for age 74, or at 95% whichever was less. Records from the cards
file with unknown dates of birth were examined separately. It was found that 90% of these offenders were received prior to 1952.
The mortality rate for this group was set to 99%. Oklahoma population estimates were calculated from a file for July, 2004
downloaded from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The file provided estimates by gender, for each of five racial categories, plus one
combined category for multiple race, and estimates for the population of Hispanic Origin.
Results
The results of the calculations are displayed in two parts. Part I, Figure 1 through Figure 8, compares the prevalence of imprisonment
in Oklahoma to the findings for the entire U.S. in 2001 (Bonczar, 2003). Part II, Figure 9 through Figure 12, shows the estimated
prevalence of all felons in Oklahoma, including separate analyses for those who have been supervised on probation, but not
incarcerated. Summary tables are provided following the two sections of figures. Table 1 through Table 12 summarize calculations
for the figures. Detailed calculations are displayed in Table 13 through Table 24. Table 25 displays the U.S. Census information used
to calculate the rates for each population group.
Discussion
As expected, the prevalence of imprisonment in Oklahoma is much greater than for the U.S., approximately 60% greater. The rate for
females in Oklahoma is nearly two and one-half times as great as the U.S. Among the racial and ethnic groups, similar to the national
trend, the prevalence for Blacks is much greater than for Whites or Hispanics, but in Oklahoma the disparity is somewhat less
pronounced. Below are a few facts extracted from the following figures and tables:
•
•
•
There are 2.6 million adults in Oklahoma.
115,000 Oklahoma adults have been in prison…. 4.3% or 1 in 23 adults (U.S. = 5.6 million…. 2.7% or 1 in 37).
104,000 Oklahoma adults have been on probation for a felony but not in prison…. 3.9% or 1 in 25 adults.
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
7
A total of 219,000 Oklahoma adults have been in prison or on probation for a felony…. 8.2% or 1 in 12 adults.
91,000 of the prisoners are former prisoners (79%)… 24,000 are currently in prison (21%)… (U.S. = 77% former prisoners).
The current incarceration rate per adult population is 45% higher in Oklahoma than for the U.S.
The rate of first admissions to prison in Oklahoma is 47% higher in Oklahoma than for the U.S.
99,000 Oklahoma adult males have been in prison…. 7.6% or 1 in 13 (U.S. = 5 million…4.9%).
16,000 Oklahoma adult females have been in prison…. 1.2% or 1 in 83 (U.S. = 581,000 …0.5%).
In Oklahoma the prison prevalence rate for Black males is 4 times the rate for White males… (U.S. = 6 times).
In Oklahoma the prison prevalence rate for Black females is 5 times the rate for White females… (U.S. = 5.5 times).
Oklahoma prison prevalence for adult males = White (6.3%), Hispanic (6.4%), Black (26.9%).
Oklahoma prison prevalence for adult females = Hispanic (0.6%), White (0.9%), Black (4.7%).
Oklahoma prison or probation prevalence for adults = Female (3.3%), Male (13.5%). For Female 1 in 30, Male 1 in 8.
Oklahoma prison or probation prevalence for adults = White (7.1%), Hispanic (7.6%), Black (23.7%).
Oklahoma prison or probation prevalence for adult males = White (11.7%), Hispanic (12.1%), Black (38.4%).
Oklahoma prison or probation prevalence for adult females = Hispanic (1.9%), White (2.8%), Black (9.7%).
The calculations for all of the results presented above may be found in Appendix 1: Summary Tables, and in Appendix 2: Detail
Tables which follow the two sections of graphical figures, which also present the information described above.
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
8
References
Bonczar, T. (2003). Prevalence of imprisonment in the U.S. population, 1974-2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice,
Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Retrieved September 19, 2006 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/piusp01.pdf
Bonczar, T. & Beck, A. (1997). Lifetime likelihood of going to state or federal prison. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Retrieved September 19, 2006 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/llgsfp.pdf
Ewald, A. (2005). A “crazy-quilt” of tiny pieces: State and local administration of American criminal disenfranchisement law.
Washington,
DC:
The
Sentencing
Project.
Retrieved
from
the
World
Wide
Web:
http://www.sentencingproject.org/pdfs/crazyquilt.pdf
Harrison, P. & Beck, A. (2006). Prison and jail inmates at midyear 2005. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of
Justice
Statistics.
Retrieved
September
20,
2006
from
the
World
Wide
Web:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/pjim05.pdf
Love, M. (2005). Relief from the collateral consequences of a criminal conviction. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project.
Retrieved September 19, 2006 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.sentencingproject.org/pdfs/rightsrestoration/Oklahoma.pdf
Mauer, M. (2003). Invisible punishment: Block housing, education, voting. Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and
Economic Studies. Retrieved September 19, 2006 from the World Wide Web: http://www.sentencingproject.org/pdfs/mauerfocus.pdf
Oklahoma Department of Corrections. (2002). Oklahoma Department of Corrections history: the 20th century. Oklahoma City, OK:
Author. Retrieved September 20, 2006 from the World Wide Web: http://www.doc.state.ok.us/docs/DOC%History.pdf
Oklahoma State Department of Health. (2006). Web-based vital statistics: Health care information. Oklahoma City, OK: Author.
Retrieved September 19, 2006 from the World Wide Web: http://www.health.state.ok.us/stats/vs/deathformicd10.html
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
9
The Sentencing Project. (2006). Felony disenfranchisement laws in the United States. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved
September 19, 2006 from the World Wide Web: http://www.sentencingproject.org/pdfs/1046.pdf
U.S. Census Bureau. (2005). SC-EST2004-Alldata6: State population estimates by demographic characteristics with 6 race groups
(5 race alone groups and one group with two or more race groups): April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2004. Washington, DC: Author.
Retrieved July 24, 2006 from the World Wide Web: http://www.cenus.gov/popest/datasets.html
U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2006). Prisoners in 1994 through Prisoners in 2004. Washington, DC:
Author. Retrieved September 20, 2006 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/prisons.htm#publications
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Results Part I:
The Prevalence of Imprisonment in Oklahoma and the U.S. Population:
A Comparison of Oklahoma in 2006 to the U.S. in 2001
10
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
11
Figure 1
Prevalence of Imprisonment in Oklahoma and the U.S.
Percent of Adults Who Have Ever Been in Prison
Percent of the Adult Population
10.0%
9.0%
8.0%
7.0%
6.0%
5.0%
More than 115,000 Oklahoma adults have been in prison.
Representing 1 out of every 23 Oklahoma adults (4.3%).
More than 5.6 million U.S. adults have been in prison.
Representing 1 out of every 37 U.S. adults (2.7%).
4.3%
4.0%
3.0%
2.7%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0%
U.S. 2001
Oklahoma 2006
As anticipated, the calculated prevalence of current and former prisoners in the Oklahoma adult population is much greater than the
comparable prevalence for the U.S. The estimated prevalence in Oklahoma is about 60% higher than for the U.S. In Oklahoma
it is estimated that 1 out of every 23 adults (4.3%) has been in prison, or is currently in prison. The U.S. estimate is that 1 out of every
37 adults (2.7%) has been in prison, or is currently in prison.
Percent of the Adult Residents Who Have
Ever Been Imprisoned
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Figure 2
Prevalence of Imprisonment in Oklahoma and the U.S.
Comparison of Living Former Inmates to Those Still in Prison
120%
5.6 million current and living former inmates.
115,000 current and living former inmates.
100%
80%
4.3 million living
fomer inmates (77%)
91,000
living former inmates
(79%)
77%
60%
79%
40%
20%
1.3 million currently in
prison (23%)
24,000 currently in
prison (21%)
23%
21%
U.S. 2001
Oklahoma 2006
0%
Currently in Prison
Former Prisoners
The ratio of current inmates in prison to living former inmates is very similar for Oklahoma and the U.S. Both estimates found that
21% (Okla) to 23% (U.S.) of all living inmates are currently in prison, and 79% (Okla) to 77% (U.S.) are still living former inmates.
12
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
13
Figure 3
Prevalence of Imprisonment in Oklahoma and the U.S.
Comparison of the Incareration Rate per 100,000 Adults
Prison Inmates per 100,000 Adult
Residents
1000
900
The Oklahoma incarceration rate per 100,000 adults was 45% greater in 2006 than the rate for
the U.S. in 2001.
912
800
700
628
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
U.S. 2001
Oklahoma 2006
Incarceration Rate
At the time of this study, the incarceration rate for adults in Oklahoma was 45% higher than the comparable U.S. rate calculated in
2001. The rate presented here is calculated per 100,000 adults in Oklahoma or the U.S. The more commonly known rates which the
Bureau of Justice Statistics publishes each year are calculated per 100,000 resident population (including children and adults).
According to that measure, the Oklahoma incarceration rate was 51% higher than the nation at mid-year 2005 (655 per 100,000 in
Oklahoma compared to 433 for the nation). Analysis of Figure 1 indicates that a 45% higher incarceration rate, repeated over many
years can easily result in a 60% higher prevalence of current and living former inmates in the resident adult population.
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
14
First Admissions to Prison per 100,000 Adult Residents
Figure 4
Prevalence of Imprisonment in Oklahoma and the U.S.
Comparison of the First Admission to Prison Rate per 100,000 Adults
200
150
The Oklahoma first admission to prison rate per 100,000 adults was 47% greater in CY 2005 than the rate
for the U.S. in 2001.
190
129
100
50
0
U.S. 2001
Oklahoma CY 2005
First Admissions to Prison
Figure 4 indicates that the rate of first admissions to prison in Oklahoma is 47% higher than the comparable rate for the U.S. The high
rate for first admissions indicates that the high incarceration rate in Oklahoma, and especially, the high prevalence of current and
former prisoners in the adult population, is a result of sending more people to prison for the first time, not a high rate of
sending repeat offenders back to prison.
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
15
Figure 5
Prevalence of Imprisonment in Oklahoma and the U.S.
Comparison of the Number of Females as a Percent of
all Current and Former Prisoners in the Adult Population
Females as a Percent of All Prisoners
20%
18%
16%
At year end 2001 there were nearly 9 times as many men as
women who had ever been incarcerated in the U..S. Females
comprised 10% of all current and former prisoners in the adult
population.
In Oklahoma in 2006 there were approximately 6 times as many men as women who had ever been incarcerated.
Females comprised 14% of all current and former prisoners in the adult population.
14%
14%
12%
10%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
U.S. 2001
Oklahoma 2006
Females as a Percent of All Prisoners
The imprisonment of females in Oklahoma is especially high. Oklahoma has consistently ranked first in the U.S. in the incarceration
of females. Thus, it is logical that the prevalence of female current and former inmates in the adult population is 40% greater in
Oklahoma as a percentage of all such inmates, than it is in the U.S. population. Stated another way, in the U.S. there are 9 men who
have been imprisoned for each woman, whereas in Oklahoma there are only six men who have ever been in prison for each woman
who has been incarcerated.
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
16
Current and Former Prisoners Percent of the Adult Population
Figure 6
Prevalence of Imprisonment in Oklahoma and the U.S.
Comparison of Current and Former Prisoners as a Percent of the Adult Population
10.0%
9.0%
7.6%
8.0%
7.0%
Estimates for Oklahoma in 2006 indicate that compared to the U.S. estimates published for 2001, the rate of current and
former prisoners in the adult population was nearly 60% higher in Oklahoma than the U.S. (4.3% compared to 2.7%). The
rate for adult males was approximately 55% higher (7.6% compared to 4.9%), and the rate for adult females was nearly two
and one-half times the U.S., or 140% greater (1.2% compared to 0.5%).
6.0%
5.0%
4.9%
4.3%
4.0%
2.7%
3.0%
2.0%
1.2%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
Percent of Adult Males
U.S. 2001
Percent of Adult Females
Percent of All Adults
Oklahoma 2006
Figure 6 compares the prevalence rates for Oklahoma to the U.S. rates, overall and by gender. As shown previously in Figure 1, the
Oklahoma rate is 60% higher, overall than the national prevalence rate (4.3% compared to 2.7% of resident adults). The rate for males
in Oklahoma is approximately 55% higher (7.6% compared to 4.9% of all adults), while the Oklahoma rate for females is 140% higher
(1.2% compared to 0.5%), nearly two and one-half times as great. The disparity for women in Oklahoma is indicative of the
consistently high incarceration rate for women in Oklahoma compared to the entire nation over a long period of time.
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
17
Figure 7
Prevalence of Imprisonment in Oklahoma and the U.S.
Comparison of Male Current and Former Prisoners as a Percent of the Adult Population
Current and Former Prisoners Percent
of the Adult Population
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
26.9%
In 2001 it was estimated that 4.9% of all adult males in the U.S. had ever been
incarcerated in a State or Federal prison. The rate for Black males (16.6%) was more
than twice the rate for Hispanic males and six times that of White males.
In Oklahoma in 2006 it was estimated that 7.6% of all adult males had been
incarcerated in a State prison. The rate for Black males (26.9%) was more than four
times the rate for Hispanic or White males.
16.6%
15.0%
10.0%
7.7%
6.3%
5.0%
7.6%
6.4%
4.9%
2.6%
0.0%
White Male
Hispanic Male
Black Male
All Male
Adult Race/Gender
U.S. 2001
Oklahoma 2006
As shown in Figure 6, the prevalence of male imprisonment in Oklahoma is estimated to be 55% higher than for the nation. In Figure
7 the male prevalence rates are calculated by race. In Oklahoma the rates are higher for Black and White males, but lower for
Hispanic males. The prevalence rate for Black males in Oklahoma is estimated to be 62% higher than the national estimate (26.9%
compared to 16.6%). Nearly 27% of all adult Black males in Oklahoma have either been in prison, or currently are in prison.
Interestingly, racial disparity among imprisoned males is less pronounced in Oklahoma. The rate nationally for Black males is six
times that for White males (16.6% compared to 2.6%), while in Oklahoma the rate for Black males is four times the rate for White
males (26.9% compared to 6.3%).
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
18
Current and Former Prisoners Percent
of the Adult Population
Figure 8
Prevalence of Imprisonment in Oklahoma and the U.S.
Comparison of Female Current and Former Prisoners as a Percent of the Adult Population
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
In 2001 it was estimated that 0.5% of all adult females in the U.S. had ever been
incarcerated in a State or Federal prison. The rate for Black females was nearly two and
one-half times the rate for Hispanic females and five and one-half times the rate for White
females.
4.7%
In Oklahoma in 2006 it was estimated that 1.2% of all adult females had been incarcerated in
a State prison. The rate for Black females was more than five times the rate for White
females and almost eight times the rate for Hispanic females.
1.7%
2.0%
1.2%
0.9%
1.0%
0.7%
0.3%
0.6%
0.5%
0.0%
White Female
Hispanic Female
Black Female
All Female
Adult Race/Gender
U.S. 2001
Oklahoma 2006
Figure 8 compares the prevalence rates for females in Oklahoma and the U.S. by race. As shown previously in Figure 6, the
prevalence rate for Oklahoma females is nearly two and one-half times the national rate (1.2% compared to 0.5%). The rate for Black
females in Oklahoma is even higher, more than two and three-quarter times the national rate (4.7% compared to 1.7%). Similar to
males however, the disparity between Black and White females is not quite as large in Oklahoma as nationally. In Oklahoma the rate
for Black females is five times the rate for White females (4.7% compared to 0.9%), while nationally the rate is five and one-half the
rate for White females (1.7% compared to 0.3%).
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Results Part II:
Estimated Prevalence of the Total Oklahoma Felon Population:
Probationers and Prisoners in Oklahoma in 2006
19
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
20
Figure 9
Estimated Prevalence of the Oklahoma Adult Felon Population
July 2006
Percent of The Oklahoma Adult Population
9.0%
8.0%
Overall, an estimated 8.2% of adult Oklahomans have been incarcerated in a state prison or supervised on probation.
7.0%
6.0%
5.0%
An estimated 4.3% of adult Oklahomans have been, or
are incarcerated currently in a state prison.
4.3%
4.0%
8.2%
An estimated 3.9% of adult Oklahomans have never been
incarcerated in a state prison, but have been, or are supervised
currently on probation.
3.9%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0%
Imprisonment
Probation
Total
Figure 9 shows that nearly one in every twelve adult Oklahomans (8.2%) is either currently in prison, under probation or parole
supervision, or has been previously in prison, or under probation supervision. These percentages represent more than 219,000 adult
Oklahoma residents, 115,000 who have been in prison, and 104,000 who have been on probation supervision, but never incarcerated
in an Oklahoma prison.
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
21
Figure 10
Estimated Prevalence of the Oklahoma Adult Felon Population
By Gender - July 2006
13.5%
14.0%
7.6%
12.0%
5.9%
8.2%
10.0%
Felons as a Percent of the 8.0%
Group's Adult Oklahoma
6.0%
Population
4.3%
3.9%
Adult Male Population
4.0%
1.2%
2.0%
2.1%
To
ta
l
n
io
Pr
ob
at
en
t
nm
pr
iso
Oklahoma Adult Population
Adult Female Population
0.0%
Im
3.3%
Figure 10 shows the Oklahoma adult felon population by gender. Nearly one in seven adult males and one in every 30 adult
females in Oklahoma have either been to prison or supervised on probation.
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
22
Figure 11
Estimated Prevalence of the Oklahoma Adult Felon Population
By Race/Ethnicity - July 2006
23.7%
15.5%
25.0%
8.1%
20.0%
4.3%
Felons as a Percent of the 15.0%
Group's Adult Oklahoma
10.0%
Population
3.8%
3.5%
5.0%
3.6%
Oklahoma Adult Population
Adult Hispanic Population
l
ta
To
ob
at
io
n
en
t
Im
Pr
nm
iso
Adult Black Population
Adult White Population
0.0%
pr
3.7%
7.1%
8.2%
3.9%
7.6%
The felon prevalence rates for selected adult racial/ethnic groups in Oklahoma are shown in Figure 11. The rates indicate that
approximately one in every fourteen White adults (7.1%), and one in every thirteen Hispanic adults (7.6%) has either been in prison or
on probation in Oklahoma. The rate is much higher (approximately three times as high) for the adult Black population. Nearly one in
every four (23.7%) of adult Black Oklahomans has either been in prison or supervised on probation.
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
23
Figure 12
Estimated Prevalence of the Oklahoma Adult Felon Population
By Race/Ethnicity and Gender
38.4%
26.9%
50.0%
11.4%
45.0%
40.0%
Felons as a Percent of the
Group's Adult Oklahoma
Population
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
6.4%
6.3%
4.7%
0.9%
0.6%
1.3%
12.1%
5.7%
11.7%
5.0%
Black_Male
Hispanic_Male
5.5%
9.7%
White_Male
Black_Female
1.9%
1.9%
2.8%
White_Female
Hispanic_Female
nt
onme robation otal
s
i
r
p
T
m
P
I
Figure 12 displays the felon prevalence rates for each of the race/ethnicity and gender groups. The prevalence rates are higher for
each of the male racial/ethnic groups than for any of the comparable female groups. The lowest felon prevalence rate in Oklahoma
was for the Hispanic female group (1.9%), while the highest prevalence was for the Black male group (38.4%). More than one in
every three adult Black males living in Oklahoma today has either been in prison or supervised on probation, while more than one in
nine White and Hispanic males have been in prison or supervised on probation. Nearly one in ten Black females (9.7%) have been in
prison or supervised on probation in Oklahoma, while approximately one in every 35 (2.8%) White females and one in every 50
(1.9%) Hispanic females have been in prison or supervised on probation.
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Appendix 1: Summary Tables
24
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Table 1
Estimated Felons In Oklahoma As of July, 2006
Summary
Prior
Prison Reception
No Prior
Prison Reception
All Felons
Estimated Living Offenders with Case Closed Status as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
76,881
2.9%
83,766
3.1%
160,647
6.0%
Offenders in Department of Corrections Jurisdiction as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
38,218
1.4%
20,701
0.8%
58,919
2.2%
115,099
4.3%
104,467
3.9%
219,566
8.2%
Total
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
Total Oklahoma Adult Population (Age 18 years and over):
( From the sum of the Male and Female Estimates)
2,663,683
25
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Table 2
Estimated Felons In Oklahoma As of July, 2006
Summary - Male Only
Prior
Prison Reception
No Prior
Prison Reception
All Felons
Estimated Living Offenders with Case Closed Status as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
65,607
5.0%
61,566
4.7%
127,173
9.8%
Offenders in Department of Corrections Jurisdiction as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
33,404
2.6%
14,468
1.1%
47,872
3.7%
Total
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
99,011
7.6%
76,034
5.9%
175,045
13.5%
Total Oklahoma Adult Population (Age 18 years and over):
1,299,313
26
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Table 3
Estimated Felons In Oklahoma As of July, 2006
Summary - Female Only
Prior
Prison Reception
No Prior
Prison Reception
All Felons
Estimated Living Offenders with Case Closed Status as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
11,274
0.8%
22,200
1.6%
33,474
2.5%
Offenders in Department of Corrections Jurisdiction as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
4,814
0.4%
6,233
0.5%
11,047
0.8%
16,088
1.2%
28,433
2.1%
44,521
3.3%
Total
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
Total Oklahoma Adult Population (Age 18 years and over):
1,364,370
27
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Table 4
Estimated Felons In Oklahoma As of July, 2006
Summary - White Only (Non-Hispanic)
Prior
Prison Reception
No Prior
Prison Reception
All Felons
Estimated Living Offenders with Case Closed Status as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
48,766
2.4%
59,905
3.0%
108,671
5.4%
Offenders in Department of Corrections Jurisdiction as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
21,935
1.1%
12,892
0.6%
34,827
1.7%
Total
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
70,701
3.5%
72,797
3.6%
143,498
7.1%
Total Oklahoma Adult Population (Age 18 years and over):
( From the sum of the White Male and White Female Estimates)
2,017,450
28
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Table 5
Estimated Felons In Oklahoma As of July, 2006
Summary - Black Only (Non-Hispanic)
Prior
Prison Reception
No Prior
Prison Reception
All Felons
Estimated Living Offenders with Case Closed Status as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
18,416
9.9%
11,895
6.4%
30,311
16.3%
Offenders in Department of Corrections Jurisdiction as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
10,474
5.6%
3,213
1.7%
13,687
7.4%
Total
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
28,890
15.5%
15,108
8.1%
43,998
23.7%
Total Oklahoma Adult Population (Age 18 years and over):
( From the sum of the Black Male and Black Female Estimates)
185,972
29
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Table 6
Estimated Felons In Oklahoma As of July, 2006
Summary - Hispanic Only
Prior
Prison Reception
No Prior
Prison Reception
All Felons
Estimated Living Offenders with Case Closed Status as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
3,247
2.3%
3,951
2.8%
7,198
5.1%
Offenders in Department of Corrections Jurisdiction as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
2,209
1.6%
1,349
0.9%
3,558
2.5%
Total
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
5,456
3.8%
5,300
3.7%
10,756
7.6%
Total Oklahoma Adult Population (Age 18 years and over):
( From the sum of the Hispanic Male and Hispanic Female Estimates)
142,268
30
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Table 7
Estimated Felons In Oklahoma As of July, 2006
Summary - White Male Only (Non-Hispanic)
Prior
Prison Reception
No Prior
Prison Reception
All Felons
Estimated Living Offenders with Case Closed Status as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
42,101
4.3%
44,403
4.5%
86,504
8.9%
Offenders in Department of Corrections Jurisdiction as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
19,013
1.9%
8,842
0.9%
27,855
2.9%
Total
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
61,114
6.3%
53,245
5.5%
114,359
11.7%
Total Oklahoma Adult Population (Age 18 years and over):
976,936
31
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Table 8
Estimated Felons In Oklahoma As of July, 2006
Summary - Black Male Only (Non-Hispanic)
Prior
Prison Reception
No Prior
Prison Reception
All Felons
Estimated Living Offenders with Case Closed Status as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
15,147
16.7%
8,120
9.0%
23,267
25.7%
Offenders in Department of Corrections Jurisdiction as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
9,248
10.2%
2,240
2.5%
11,488
12.7%
Total
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
24,395
26.9%
10,360
11.4%
34,755
38.4%
Total Oklahoma Adult Population (Age 18 years and over):
90,579
32
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Table 9
Estimated Felons In Oklahoma As of July, 2006
Summary - Hispanic Male Only
Prior
Prison Reception
No Prior
Prison Reception
All Felons
Estimated Living Offenders with Case Closed Status as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
2,990
3.8%
3,350
4.2%
6,340
8.0%
Offenders in Department of Corrections Jurisdiction as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
2,065
2.6%
1,145
1.4%
3,210
4.1%
Total
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
5,055
6.4%
4,495
5.7%
9,550
12.1%
Total Oklahoma Adult Population (Age 18 years and over):
79,007
33
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Table 10
Estimated Felons In Oklahoma As of July, 2006
Summary - White Female Only (Non-Hispanic)
Prior
Prison Reception
No Prior
Prison Reception
All Felons
Estimated Living Offenders with Case Closed Status as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
6,665
0.6%
15,502
1.5%
22,167
2.1%
Offenders in Department of Corrections Jurisdiction as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
2,922
0.3%
4,050
0.4%
6,972
0.7%
Total
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
9,587
0.9%
19,552
1.9%
29,139
2.8%
Total Oklahoma Adult Population (Age 18 years and over):
1,040,514
34
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Table 11
Estimated Felons In Oklahoma As of July, 2006
Summary - Black Female Only (Non-Hispanic)
Prior
Prison Reception
No Prior
Prison Reception
All Felons
Estimated Living Offenders with Case Closed Status as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
3,269
3.4%
3,775
4.0%
7,044
7.4%
Offenders in Department of Corrections Jurisdiction as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
1,226
1.3%
973
1.0%
2,199
2.3%
Total
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
4,495
4.7%
4,748
5.0%
9,243
9.7%
Total Oklahoma Adult Population (Age 18 years and over):
95,393
35
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Table 12
Estimated Felons In Oklahoma As of July, 2006
Summary - Hispanic Female Only
Prior
Prison Reception
No Prior
Prison Reception
All Felons
Estimated Living Offenders with Case Closed Status as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
257
0.4%
601
1.0%
858
1.4%
Offenders in Department of Corrections Jurisdiction as of July, 2006
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
144
0.2%
204
0.3%
348
0.6%
Total
Percent of Adult Oklahoma Population
401
0.6%
805
1.3%
1,206
1.9%
Total Oklahoma Adult Population (Age 18 years and over):
63,261
36
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
Appendix 2: Detail Tables
37
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
38
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
39
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
40
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
41
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
42
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
43
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
44
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
45
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
46
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
47
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
48
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
49
Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population
50