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Incubation of craving and fear: behavioral and neuronal mechanisms Yavin Shaham Branch Chief Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP-NIDA, NIH Using a rat model of drug relapse and craving, we previously found time-dependent increases in cue-induced cocaine seeking after withdrawal from the drug, suggesting that cocaine craving incubates over time. In this lecture, I will summarize results from studies on the generality of this incubation phenomenon to other drugs and non-drugs rewards and to fear conditioning in a rat model of delayed-onset PTSD. I will then summarize results for a series of studies on the neuronal mechanisms of incubation of drug craving. Selected references Grimm JW, Hope B, Wise RA, Shaham Y (2001) Incubation of cocaine craving after withdrawal. Nature 412:141142 Grimm JW, Lu L, Hayashi T, Su TP, Hope BT, Shaham Y (2003) Time dependent increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels within the mesolimbic dopamine system following withdrawal from cocaine: implications for incubation of cocaine craving. The Journal of Neuroscience 23:742-747 Lu L, Dempsey J, Liu S, Bossert J, Shaham Y (2004) A single infusion of BDNF into the ventral tegmental area induces long-lasting potentiation of cocaine-seeking after withdrawal. The Journal of Neuroscience 24:16041611 Lu L, Hope BT, Dempsey J, Liu S, Bossert JM, Shaham Y (2005) Central amygdala ERK signaling pathway is critical to incubation of cocaine craving. Nature Neuroscience 8:212-219 Lu L, Uejima JL, Gray SM, Bossert JM, Shaham Y (2007) Systemic and central amygdala injections of the mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 attenuate the expression of incubation of cocaine craving. Biological Psychiatry 61:591-598 Conrad KL, Tseng K, Uejima J, Reimers J, Heng L, Shaham Y, Marinelli M, Wolf ME (2008, July) Formation of accumbens GluR2-lacking AMPA receptors mediates incubation of cocaine craving. Nature 454:118-121 YG, Li FQ, Wang, XY, Wu P, Zhao M, Xu CM, Shaham Y, Lu L (2008) Central amygdala ERK signaling pathway is critical to incubation of opiate craving. The Journal of Neuroscience 28:13248-13257 Pickens CL, Golden SA, Adams-Deutsch T, Nair SG, Shaham Y (2009) Long-lasting incubation of conditioned fear in rats. Biological Psychiatry 65:881-886 Koya E, Uejima J, Wihbey K, Bossert JM, Hope BT, Shaham Y (2009) Role of ventral medial prefrontal cortex in incubation of cocaine craving. Neuropharmacology 56(S1):117-185 Lu L, Wang X, Wu P, Zhao M, Morales M, Harvey BK, Hoffer BJ, Shaham Y (2009) Role of ventral tegmental area GDNF in incubation of cocaine craving. Biological Psychiatry 66:137-145 Bedi G, Marrone GF, Preston KL, Epstein DH, Heishman SJ, King AC, Shaham Y, de Wit H (2011) Incubation of cue-induced cigarette craving during abstinence in human smokers. Biological Psychiatry 69:708-711 Pickens CL, Airavaara M, Theberge F, Fanous S, Hope BT, Shaham Y (2011) Neurobiology of incubation of drug craving. Trends in Neuroscience 34:411-420 Fanous S, Goldart EM, Schrama R, Theberge FR, Bossert JM, Shaham Y, Hope BT (2012) Role of orbitofrontal cortex neuronal ensembles in the expression of incubation of heroin craving. The Journal of Neuroscience 32:11600-11609