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Additional File 7: Critical appraisal scores Project Project Name Number Citation Clear and Methodology repeatable relevant methodology Data consistent Sample size with appropriate methodology Sampling frame Confounding specified factors accounted for Overall score 1 Mucuna-maize cropping project, Sahcaba (no formal project name given) Eastmond, A. & Faust, B. (2008) Farmers, fires, and forests: a green alternative to shifting cultivation for conservation of the Maya forest? Landscape and Urban Planning: 74: 267-284. 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 - Medium 2 Pro Manejo (The Amazon Sustainable Forest Management Support Project) (1) Bauch, S.C., Sills, E.O. & Pattanayak, S.K. (2014) Have we managed to integrate conservation and development? ICDP impacts in the Brazilian Amazon. World Development: 64: S135-S148. 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 - High 2 Pro Manejo (The Amazon Sustainable Forest Management Support Project) (2) Weber, J.G., Sills, E.O., Bauch, S. & Pattanayak, S.K. (2011) Do ICDPs work? An empirical evaluation of forest-based microenterprises in the Brazilian Amazon. Land economics: 87: 661681. 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 - High 3 Introduction of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), the Himalayas (no formal project name given) Nautiyal, S. (2011) Can conservation and development interventions in the Indian Central Himalaya ensure environmental sustainability? A socioecological evaluation. Sustainability Science: 6: 151-167. 0 1 1 1 1 0 4 - Medium 4 Eco-Escuela de Espanol Langholz, J. (1999) Exploring the Effects of Alternative Income Opportunities on Rainforest Use: Insights from Guatemala's Maya Biosphere Reserve. Society & Natural Resources: 12: 139-149. 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 - High 5 Management of Aquatic Systems through Community Husbandry (MACH) Mijanur Rahman, Md. And Begum A. (2011) Implication of livelihood diversification on wetland resources conservation: A case from Bangladesh. Journal of Wetlands Ecology: 5: 59-65. 0 1 1 1 0 0 3 - Low 6 The Amani Butterfly Farming Project (1) Morgan-Brown, T., Jaconson, S.K., Wald, K., & Childs, B. (2010) Quantitative assessment of a Tanzanian integrated conservation and development project involving butterfly farming. Conservation Biology: 24: 563-572. 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 - High 6 The Amani Butterfly Farming Project (2) Engh, V. (2011) Integrated Conservation and Development Projects and Efforts Around the Amani Nature Reserve Tanzania, and their effects on livelihoods and forest conservation. Norwegian University of Life Sciences. 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 - Medium 7 The Tanga Small Scale Dairy Project 2) Engh, V. (2011) Integrated Conservation and Development Projects and Efforts Around the Amani Nature Reserve Tanzania, and their effects on livelihoods and forest conservation. Norwegian University of Life Sciences. 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 - Medium 8 Novella Africa partnership 2) Engh, V. (2011) Integrated Conservation and Development Projects and Efforts Around the Amani Nature Reserve Tanzania, and their effects on livelihoods and forest conservation. Norwegian University of Life Sciences. 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 - Medium 9 Posada Amazonas Ecotourism Lodge Stronza, A. (2007) The economic promise of ecotourism for conservation. Journal of Ecotourism: 6:210-221. 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 - Medium 10 Caohai Nature Reserve and Community Development Herrold-Menzies, M. (2006) Integrating conservation and development: What we can learn From Caohai, China. The Journal of Environment and Development: 15:382-406. 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 - Medium 11 Iboih Makmur Cooperative (no formal project name given) Novriyanto., Wibowo, J.T., Iskander, W., Campbell-Smith, G. & Linkie, M. (2012) Linking coastal community livelihoods to marine conservation in Aceh, Indonesia: Oryx: 46: 508-515. 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 - High 12 Pesca Artesanal Vivencial (PAV) Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) Schuhbauer, A. & Koch, V. (2013) Assessment of recreational fishery in the Galapagos Marine Reserve: Failures and opportunities. Fisheries Research: 144: 103-110 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 - Medium 13 Cham Island MPA (no formal project name given) Brown, L. Marine protected areas, co-management and livelihoods: Coastal change in Vietnam. University of Sydney 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 - Low 14 Fuel Efficient Stoves (FES) in the Juniper forests of Balochistan Musakhe, M.Y.J., Abdul; Tareen, R. B.; Bazai, Z. A. (2007) An evaluation study of impact of fuel efficient stove on Juniper (Juniperus excelsa) Tract, Balochistan. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology: 4: 51-55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - Excluded 15 Pride Campaign (no formal project name given) DeWan, A., Green, K., Li, X., & Hayden, D. (2013) Using social marketing tools to increase fuelefficient stove adoption for conservation of the golden snubnosed monkey, Gansu Province, China. Conservation Evidence: 2013: 32-36. 1 1 1 1 0 1 5 - Medium 16 Seaweed farming, Philippines (no formal project name provided) Hill, N,A.O., Rowcliffe, J.M., Koldeway, H.J., & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2011) The interaction between seaweed farming an alternative occupation and fisher numbers in the central Philippines. Conservation Biology: 26 (2): 324334. 1 1 1 1 1 1 17 Sasan Gir National Park and Sanctuary India EcoDevelopment Project Varma, K. (2009) The Asiatic Lion and the Maldharis of Gir Forest: An assessment of an Indian EcoDevelopment. The Journal of Environment and Development: 18: 154-175. 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 - Low 18 Tres Reyes Parrot Project (no formal project name given) Martinez-Reyes, J.E. (2014) Beyond Nature Appropriation: Towards post-development conservation in the Maya Forest. Conservation & Society. 12: 2. 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 - Medium 19 Tres Reyes Butterfly Project (no formal project name given) Martinez-Reyes, J.E. (2014) Beyond Nature Appropriation: Towards post-development conservation in the Maya Forest. Conservation & Society. 12: 2. 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 - Low 20 Coral Reef Rehablitation and Management Program Brock, A. (2013) Beyond fishing? The impact of microcredit on alternative livelihoods in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Nicholas School of the Environment of Duke University. 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 - Medium 21 Integrated Conservation and Development at Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks Blomley, T., Namara, A., McNeilage, A., Franks, P., Rainer, H., Donaldson, A., Malpas, R., Olupot, W., Baker, J., Sandbrook, C., Bitariho, R. and Infield, M. (2010) Development and gorillas? Assessing fifteen years of integrated conservation and development in south-western Uganda. Natural Resources Issues No. 23. International Institute for Environment and Development. 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 - Medium 22 Betel leaf and nut farming of the Khasia indigenous People in Bangladesh (no formal project name given) Islam, Md.J. and Nath, T.N. (2014) Forest-based betel leaf and betel nut farming of the Khasia indigenous People in Bangladesh: approach to biodiversity conservation in Lawachara National Park (LNP). Journal of Forestry Research: 25: 419-427. 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 - Medium