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Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
Chemical and Radiological Risk
in the Indoor Environment
(CheRRIE)
Exposure and risk assessment
of chemical compounds
Prof. Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannis, MS, PhD
Director of Environmental Engineering Laboratory (EnvE-Lab)
Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki - 54124,
Greece
CheRRIE Closing event
November 30, 2015
Thessaloniki, GR
1
Health impact assessment
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
Xylene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
Acetaldehyde
Benzene
Liver
(metabolism)
Formaldehyde
Leukemia
Nasopharyngeal
Cancer
Probability density
Interaction at the
level of
metabolism
(inhibition)
Cumulative risk
Larynx Cancer
CheRRIE Closing event
November 30, 2015
Thessaloniki, GR
2
Methodology – exposure and
intake assessment
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
Personal exposure is equal to the average concentration of a pollutant
that a person is exposed to over a given period of time, e.g. 1 day, 1
month or 1 year.
CT   f n  Cn
n
Βased on the time-weight contribution of the activities, the level of
intensity and the corresponding inhalation rate, we derived adjustment
factors for each location type.
CT   f n  Cn  inh
n
Daily intake I is estimated from the following formula, where inhr is the
inhalation rate (m3/h) for each type of microenvironment encountered in
the calculations and tn is the residence in the specific microenvironment.
I
CheRRIE Closing event
t
n
 Cn  inhr
n
November 30, 2015
BW
Thessaloniki, GR
3
External exposure
advances
An individual’s space-time activity model
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
Agent based modelling
Sensors for exposure assessment
WOCKETS SYSTEM VISION
Multiple, low-cost
3-axis
accelerometers
stream data in
real-time to mobile
phone
Wearable sensors
(test version 1)
CheRRIE Closing event
November 30, 2015
Thessaloniki, GR
Sensors miniature,
thin, and ergonomic;
worn under clothing
24/7
Phone carried in typical
fashion (e.g. in pocket)
Pattern recognition
algorithms running
continuously on
phone detect
physical activities in
real-time
Innovative phone apps
possible
4
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
Synthesis of methods
Sensors campaign
Data processing
Wider population model
ABM
temperature logger
•
•
•
accelerometer
GPS tracker
movement
Fitbit Flex
fitness monitor
time and activity
records
Agentification
Simulation
GIS
trajectories
ArcGIS
•
Air quality
maps
ANN model
Moves app
location
Paper log diary
CheRRIE Closing event
November 30, 2015
Thessaloniki, GR
personal exposure
&
intake dose
5
Methodology
Multistage cancer model
CheRRIE Closing event
November 30, 2015
Thessaloniki, GR
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
6
Methodology –
internal dosimetry
CheRRIE Closing event
November 30, 2015
Thessaloniki, GR
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
7
Methodology – benzene PBPK
model
CheRRIE Closing event
November 30, 2015
Thessaloniki, GR
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
8
Methodology – BTEX metabolic
interaction
CheRRIE Closing event
November 30, 2015
Thessaloniki, GR
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
9
Levels of toxic metabolites
in the bone marrow
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
6
Benzene only
BTEX Mixture A
BTEX Mixture B
Benzene exposure
0.60
5
0.55
0.50
4
0.45
0.40
• 10% Benzene
• 60% Toluene
• 10% Ethylbenzene
• 20% Xylene
• 20% Benzene
• 40% Toluene
• 10% Ethylbenzene
• 30% Xylene
0.35
0.30
0.25
3
Mixture B:
Mixture A:
2
1
0.20
Benzene exposure (μg/m3)
Toxic metabolites concentration in bone
marrow (μmol/L)
0.65
0
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
Time (hours)
CheRRIE Closing event
November 30, 2015
Thessaloniki, GR
10
Biology-based doseresponse function for benzene
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
1.0E-01
1.0E-02
Cancer risk
1.0E-03
1.0E-04
1.0E-05
Crump
1.0E-06
Coupled PBBK/BBDR
1.0E-07
0.001
0.005
0.050
0.500
5.000
Benzene exposure (ppm)
CheRRIE Closing event
November 30, 2015
Thessaloniki, GR
11
Cancer risk estimation
for aldehydes
Formaldehyde For formaldehyde, cancer (nasopharyngeal
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
laryngeal cancer) risk R is calculated taking into
account the:
- Formaldehyde distribution across the upper
respiratory tract
- The formation of DNA adducts (DPX) described
by non-linear response to exposure
- The dose-response function for the amount of
DPX formatted in the nasopharynx (2-stage
clonal growth model
P  1 e

0.0239 y 2  0.0245 y

Where P is the nasopharyngeal cancer probability for a lifetime exposure
(70 years) and y is the average lifetime internal dose of DPX
CheRRIE Closing event
November 30, 2015
Thessaloniki, GR
12
Cancer risk estimation
for aldehydes
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
Acetaldehyde
For acetaldehyde, cancer (laryngeal cancer) risk R is calculated
from the following relationship:
R  E  IUR
where
- E is the exposure concentration in μg∙m-3
- IUR is the Inhalation Unit Risk, which is the upper-bound excess
lifetime cancer risk estimated to result from continuous exposure to
an agent at a concentration of 1 μg∙m-3 in air. For acetaldehyde,
IUR is equal to 2.2·10-6
CheRRIE Closing event
November 30, 2015
Thessaloniki, GR
13
Intake dose (adults)
6
Benzene intake
Xylenes intake
Toluene intake
Formaldehyde intake
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
Ethylbenzene intake
Acetaldehyde intake
Daily intake (μg/kg_bw)
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Kalamaria
CheRRIE Closing event
Kentro
Ano ToumpaStauroupoli
Polihni
November 30, 2015
Evosmos
AmpelokhpoiNeapoli Sykies TriandriaPylaia Peuka Panorama Thermi
Thessaloniki, GR
14
Intake dose (children)
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
14
Benzene intake
Xylenes intake
Toluene intake
Formaldehyde intake
Ethylbenzene intake
Acetaldehyde intake
12
Daily intake (μg/kg_bw)
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Kalamaria
CheRRIE Closing event
Kentro
Ano ToumpaStauroupoli
Polihni
November 30, 2015
Evosmos
AmpelokhpoiNeapoli Sykies TriandriaPylaia Peuka Panorama Thermi
Thessaloniki, GR
15
Risk per cancer type
Leukemia
Nasopharyngeal cancer
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
Laryngeal cancer
2.0E-05
1.6E-05
Risk
1.2E-05
8.0E-06
4.0E-06
0.0E+00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Kalamaria
CheRRIE Closing event
Kentro
Ano ToumpaStauroupoli Polihni
November 30, 2015
Evosmos AmpelokhpoiNeapoli Sykies TriandriaPylaia PeukaPanorama Thermi
Thessaloniki, GR
16
Cumulative risk in Thessaloniki
1.E-04
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
5%-95%
Median
Risk
1.E-05
1.E-06
1.E-07
1
2
3
4
Kalamaria
CheRRIE Closing event
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Kentro
Ano Toumpa Stauroupoli
November 30, 2015
Polihni
Evosmos
Ampelokhpoi Neapoli
Thessaloniki, GR
Sykies TriandriaPylaia Peuka Panorama
Thermi
17
Cumulative risk distribution
1.E-04
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
Cancer risk
5%-95%
Median
Mean
Risk
1.E-05
"Acceptable risk"
1.E-06
1.E-07
Leukemia
CheRRIE Closing event
Nasopharyngeal
cancer
November 30, 2015
Laryngeal cancer
Thessaloniki, GR
Cumulative cancer
risk
18
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
Conclusions
• Bodyweight normalized dose for children is about two times
higher to the respective one for adults
• Estimated lifetime risk due to residential exposure in
Thessaloniki for leukemia and nasopharyngeal cancer was
below 10-6 (which is considered as acceptable risk), while
laryngeal cancer was above 3∙10-6
• Cumulative risk was ca. 5∙10-6, mainly increased by
laryngeal cancer, which in turn is mainly determined by
exposure to acetaldehyde.
• Regarding individual dwellings, higher risks are related to
buildings characterized by the combined presence of
materials with high potential for VOC emissions (such as
latex wall paints, gypsum decorative pieces, etc.)
CheRRIE Closing event
November 30, 2015
Thessaloniki, GR
19
Dep. of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering
Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki
Thank you for your kind
attention
www.enve-lab.eu
A connectivity perspective to environment-health interactions
CheRRIE Closing event
November 30, 2015
Thessaloniki, GR
20