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Chapter 7 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: MOVEMENT FOR THE JOURNEY LEARNING OBJECTIVES ➯ Differentiate the three major muscle types ➯ ➯ Explain the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles Describe the cellular activities required for muscle movement ➯ Identify specific skeletal muscles ➯ Identify and explain the components of a muscle cell Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey The Muscular System: Movement for the Journey ANSWERS TO TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Test Your Knowledge 7–1 Answers, p. 147 1. 2. 3. 4. c d b c Test Your Knowledge 7–2 Answers, p. 151 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. rotation flexion or adduction extension or abduction agonist or primary mover point of origin Test Your Knowledge 7–3 Answers, p. 155 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. actin calcium; ATP sarcomere acetylcholine myosin; actin Test Your Knowledge 7–4 Answers, p. 158 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. hamstrings quadriceps; pelvis; patella and tibia sternocleidomastoid gastrocnemius biceps brachii; triceps brachii hamstrings ANSWERS TO THE CASE STUDY, P. 165 a. Guillain-Barré b. Respiratory arrest c. Must monitor respiration rate, blood oxygen and carbon dioxide, and pulse rate d. Disuse of muscles leads to atrophy. e. This patient will be helpless soon. Everything must be done for the patient. f. It is usually possible to recover from Guillain-Barré, but it may take months of rehabilitation depending on the severity of the disease. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Chapter 7 ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS, P. 166 Multiple Choice 1. a, 2. b, 3. d, 4. b, 5. c, 6. b, 7. b Fill in the Blank 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. spasm/cramp paralysis hernia glycogen myalgia biceps brachii Short Answer 1. The three major muscle types are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. The diaphragm (and dozens of others) is a skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart wall. Examples of smooth muscle are the walls of the respiratory and digestive systems and the walls of blood vessels. 2. The origin is the stationary muscle attachment. The insertion is attached to the bone that moves. The action generally moves the insertion toward the origin. 3. Muscles may be names based on size (gluteus maximus), shape (deltoid), fiber direction (external oblique), action (adductor longus), number of attachments (triceps brachii), location of attachments (sternocleidomastoid), location in body (biceps femoris), or a combination (pectoralis major). 4. Skeletal muscle contracts when sodium ion channels open because of stimulation of the muscle because of the release of ATP from the nervous system. This stimulation causes the release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum. This free calcium, in the presence of ATP, allows myosin heads to repeatedly form, break, and reform crossbridges with actin filaments. The repeated connect and disconnect of the myofilaments (actin and myosin) pulls the actin along the myosin, shortening the sarcomere and shortening the muscle itself. 5. From our list, the muscles are the hamstrings (flexor muscles that originate on the pelvis and insert on the tibia) and the quadriceps (extensor muscles that originate on the pelvis and insert on the tibia and patella). Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey