Download THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: MOVEMENT FOR THE JOURNEY

Chapter
7
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:
MOVEMENT FOR THE
JOURNEY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
➯
Differentiate the three major muscle types
➯
➯
Explain the difference between voluntary
and involuntary muscles
Describe the cellular activities required for
muscle movement
➯
Identify specific skeletal muscles
➯
Identify and explain the components of a
muscle cell
Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
The Muscular System: Movement for the Journey
ANSWERS TO TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Test Your Knowledge 7–1 Answers, p. 147
1.
2.
3.
4.
c
d
b
c
Test Your Knowledge 7–2 Answers, p. 151
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
rotation
flexion or adduction
extension or abduction
agonist or primary mover
point of origin
Test Your Knowledge 7–3 Answers, p. 155
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
actin
calcium; ATP
sarcomere
acetylcholine
myosin; actin
Test Your Knowledge 7–4 Answers, p. 158
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
hamstrings
quadriceps; pelvis; patella and tibia
sternocleidomastoid
gastrocnemius
biceps brachii; triceps brachii
hamstrings
ANSWERS TO THE CASE STUDY, P. 165
a. Guillain-Barré
b. Respiratory arrest
c. Must monitor respiration rate, blood oxygen and carbon dioxide, and
pulse rate
d. Disuse of muscles leads to atrophy.
e. This patient will be helpless soon. Everything must be done for the
patient.
f. It is usually possible to recover from Guillain-Barré, but it may take
months of rehabilitation depending on the severity of the disease.
Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
Chapter 7
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS, P. 166
Multiple Choice
1. a, 2. b, 3. d, 4. b, 5. c, 6. b, 7. b
Fill in the Blank
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
spasm/cramp
paralysis
hernia
glycogen
myalgia
biceps brachii
Short Answer
1. The three major muscle types are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. The
diaphragm (and dozens of others) is a skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle
is found in the heart wall. Examples of smooth muscle are the walls of
the respiratory and digestive systems and the walls of blood vessels.
2. The origin is the stationary muscle attachment. The insertion is
attached to the bone that moves. The action generally moves the
insertion toward the origin.
3. Muscles may be names based on size (gluteus maximus), shape
(deltoid), fiber direction (external oblique), action (adductor longus),
number of attachments (triceps brachii), location of attachments
(sternocleidomastoid), location in body (biceps femoris), or a
combination (pectoralis major).
4. Skeletal muscle contracts when sodium ion channels open because of
stimulation of the muscle because of the release of ATP from the
nervous system. This stimulation causes the release of calcium from
sarcoplasmic reticulum. This free calcium, in the presence of ATP,
allows myosin heads to repeatedly form, break, and reform crossbridges
with actin filaments. The repeated connect and disconnect of the
myofilaments (actin and myosin) pulls the actin along the myosin,
shortening the sarcomere and shortening the muscle itself.
5. From our list, the muscles are the hamstrings (flexor muscles that
originate on the pelvis and insert on the tibia) and the quadriceps
(extensor muscles that originate on the pelvis and insert on the tibia
and patella).
Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey