Download I semester LECTURES 1. Introduction to Histology. Cell. Tissue

Thematic plan HISTOLOGY 2015/16
(General Medicine, Dentistry)
I semester
LECTURES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction to Histology. Cell. Tissue classification.
Embryology I.
Embryology II.
Epithelial tissue.
Connective tissue I.
Соnnective tissue II.
Muscle tissue.
SEMINARS
1. Introduction to Histology
Subject and goals and Histology.
Мicroscopy, structure of the light microscope. Light, lens, magnification,
resolution, numerical aperture, refractive index. Chromatic and spherical
aberration, methods of correction.
Types of light and electron microscopy (bright-field, dark-field, phase contrast,
polarizing, fluorescence, interference microscopy; scanning and transmission
electron microscopy). How to work with the light microscope.
2. Мethods of study in Histology
Histology technique. Preparing tissues for Microscopy (material obtain,
fixation, dehydration, clearing, infiltration, embedding, sectioning, mounting,
removal of paraffin, rehydratation, staining). Frozen sections.
Peculiarities of material preparation for electron microscopy.
3. Methods of histochemistry and immunohistochemistry
Histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, hybridization in situ, cell and tissue
culture (method principles, advantages and restrictions).
4. Сell
General structure of the cell. Cell membrane, structure and function. Microvilli.
Endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis. Cytoplasm. Mitochondria.
Ribosome. Polyribosome. Endoplasmic reticulum: smooth and rough. Golgi
complex. Phagosomes. Lysosomes. Peroxisomes. Cytoskeleton (microtubules,
microfilaments, intermediate filaments). Centrioles, cilia, flagella. Nucleus
(structure, nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus, nucleoplasm. Cell cycle.
Mitosis. Cell death (degeneration, necrosis, apoptosis).
5. Embryology I
The structure of gametes. Meiosis. Ova and oogenesis. Spermatozoa and
spermatogenesis. Main steps of fertilization. Acrosome and cortical reactions,
their importance. Zygote formation.
6. Embryology II
Morula. Blastocyst. Trophoblast. Inner cell mass. Implantation. Gastrulation:
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm. Extraembryonic germ layers and its derivate.
Neurulation. Mesenchyme and its role in tissue formation. Сhorion. Decidual
reaction. Placenta, its structure, function, steps in placenta development,
placental barrier.
Quiz 1 (topics 1-6)
7. Tissue classification. Epithelial tissue.
The four basic tissue types, tissue classification. Epithelial tissue, classification,
general features. Polarity, apical surface specialization? Lateral surface
specialization, basal surface specialization. Basal lamina.
Glands: general features of exocrine and endocrine glands. Morphology and
classification of exocrine glands. Mode of secretion. Major epithelial cell types,
their functions, regeneration capacity.
8. Сonnective tissue I
General features of connective tissue. Components of connective tissue (fibers,
ground substance, cells).
Connective tissue types: connective tissue proper, specialized connective tissue
(reticular, elastic, mucous and adipose).
Histophysiology of connective tissue.
9. Сonnective tissue II
General features of cartilage. Types of cartilage (hyaline, elastic,
fibrocartilage). Intervertebral discs.
General features of bone. Bones. Bone tissue. Bone cells (osteoprogenitor
cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts). Bone matrix. Organization of bone
tissue. Histogenesis, remodeling, growth and repair. Histophysiology of bone.
Connections of bones (synarthrosis and diarthroses).
10. Muscle tissue
General features of muscle tissue. Types of muscle.
Skeletal muscle: Sarcolemma, sarcoplasm. Myofilaments (thin and thick, their
organization, sarcomere). Sarcoplasmic reticulum. Types of skeletal muscle
fibers. Motor End-plates. Contraction. Organization of the skeletal muscles.
Muscle –tendon junction. Cardiac muscle. Cardiomyocytes. Sarcoplasmic
reticulum and T-tubule system. Intercalated discs. Organization of cardiac
muscle. Mechanism of contraction.
Smooth muscle. Smooth muscle cells structure. Types of smooth muscle.
Smooth muscle organization, mechanism of contraction.
Response of different muscle types to injury.
Quiz 2 (topics 7-10)
II semester
LECTURES
8. Digestive system
9. Respiratory system
10. Urinary system
11. Genital system I
12. Genital system II
13. Endocrine system I
14. Endocrine system II
15 Cardio-vascular system
16. Peripheral blood. Hematopoiesis
17. Immune system
18. Nerve tissue
SEMINARS
11. Digestive system I
General features of Digestive tract, structure of the wall (mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis externa, serosa and adventitia). General functional features (digestion,
absorption, excretion, endocrine function, protection). Embryogenesis of digestive
system organs. Innervation and blood supply.
Oral cavity: structure of the walls, lips, tonque (structure, functions).
Teeth: shape, permanent and deciduous teeth, tooth structure. Dentine, enamel,
cementum. Associated structures:periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, gingiva.
Structure of pharynx and esophagus.
Stomach: general features. Gastric mucosa: surface mucous cells, undifferentiated
cells, mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells (structure and
function, regional differences).
Small intestine: general features. Mucosa of the small intestine: villi, intestinal glands
(crypts of Lieberkuhn, enterocytes (microvilli, striated border), Goblet cells, M-cells,
Paneth’s cells, enteroendocrine cells, undifferentiated cells. Regional differences.
Large intestine: general features, regional differences. Appendix. Rectum, anal canal.
Peritoneum.
12. Digestive system II
General features of the glands associated with the digestive system (embryonic origin,
exocrine and endocrine functions, serous and mucous secretory cells, glandular
subunits). Exocrine ducts (interlobular, intralobular (intercalated, striated).
Salivary glands: general features and functions. Cell types: serous, mucous,
myoepithelial, plasma cells. Features of salivary glands: parotid, submandibular,
sublingual. Modulation of salivary composition and volume by duct epithelium and
innervation.
Pancreas: general features and functions. Cell types: pancreatic acinar cells,
centroacinar cells. General structure of exocrine part of pancreas: islets of
Langerhans, hormone secreting cell types.
Liver: general features and functions. Blood supply of the liver (hepatic artery, portal
vein, hepatic sinusoids, central vein, hepatic veins). Cell types: epithelial cells
(hepatocytes,cholangiocytes), sinusoidal cells (endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells,
stellate macrophages of the liver (Kupffer cells), lymphocytes associated with liver.
Space of Disse. Liver lobules (classic liver lobule, portal lobule, hepatic acinus).
Regeneration of the liver.
Billiary system. Billiary tract: bile ductules, Hering’s canals, bile ducts, hepatic ducts,
cystic duct, common bile duct.
Gallbladder: special features of the wall structure. Consistent of bile, its functions.
13. Respiratory system
General features of respiratory system, embryonic origin.
Conducting portion. Respiratory epithelium: cell types (ciliated columnar cells, brush
cells, basal cells, small granule cells). Distinguishing features of respiratory wall
structure in different parts of respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles).
Respiratory portion: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveoli.
Acinus of the lung. Alveolar cell types: type I cells, type II cells, alveolar
macrophages. Pulmonary surfactant. Alveolar duct lining regeneration. Pulmonary
circulation. Blood-air barrier: structure, function. Lymphatic drainage. Innervation.
Pleura.
14. Urinary system
General features of the urinary system (kidney, urinary tract). The development of the
kidney (pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros) and urinary tract.
Kidney structure: hilum, renal sinus, cortex and medulla, medullary rays, lobes and
lobules. Nephron - structural and functional unit of the kidney. Structure of the
nephron (the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal
convoluted tubule), their structure and function. Histophysiology of nephrons. The
filtration barrier. Filtration mechanisms, reabsorption, secretion. The role of
aldosterone and vasopressin in the formation of urine.
Types of nephrons. Blood supply and circulation of kidneys and nephrons.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Renin and angiotensin in blood pressure and kidney
function regulation.
Urinary tract: renal calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Differences
in male and female urethra.
15. Male reproductive system
General features of male reproductive system, functions of different parts (testis,
epididimys, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, external
genitalia). Embryonic origin of male reproductive organs
Testis, general features: tunica vaginalis, tunics, septas, lobules). The structure of the
convoluted seminiferous tubules. Seminiferous epithelium: spermatogonia, primary
and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa). Sertoli cells and Leydig cell:
structure and function. The endocrine function of the testis. Blood-testis barrier.
Spermatogenesis, meiosis. Maturation of spermatozoa. The structure of mature
spermatozoa.
Duct system: intertesticular genital ducts (straight tubules, rete testis, efferent
ductules), excretory genital ducts (ductus epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory
duct, urethra.
The structure of the prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands and their
function. Age-related changes.
The penis: structure, function, blood supply and innervation.
16. Female reproductive system
General features of female reproductive system, functions of different parts (ovaries,
fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, mammary glands). The development of the
female reproductive system.
Ovaries: cortex and medulla.
Ovarian follicles: primordial, primary, secondary follicles, mature (Graafian)
follicles, atretic follicles.
Origin and maturation of oocytes: primary germ cells, meiosis, primary and secondary
oocytes, polar bodies. Ovarian cycle and its regulation. Endicrine function of ovaries,
the role of sex hormones and hormones of hypothalamus and hypophysis. Corpus
luteum of menstruation and of pregnancy, corpus albicans.
Fallopian tubes: wall structure in various departments, function.
Uterus: general features, regional differences. The basal and functional layers of
endometrium, special blood supply. Menstrual cycle and its hormonal regulation. The
endometrium of the uterus during different phases of the menstrual cycle.
Structure and function of the vagina. Structure and function of the external genitalia
(clitoris, the vestibule, labia minora and majora, glands)
Structure and function of mammary gland. The embryonic origin of the mammary
gland, changes during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and lactation. Regulation of
lactation: prolactin and the role of oxytocin in maintaining lactation.
17. Endocrine system I
General features of Endocrine system. Hormones and their classification.
Neuroendocrine cells of hypothalamus hormones synthesized.
Development of the pituitary gland. Structure and cells of different parts of
hypophysis: adenohypophysis (distal part, tuberal part, intermediate part),
neurohypophysis (hormones and functions).
Neuroendocrine system: structure, blood supply. Regulation of hormone synthesis.
Epiphysis: structure, function, hormones, age related changes.
18. Endocrine system II
Adrenal glands: development and structure. Adrenal cortex: zones, produced
hormones and their function. Hypersecretion and hyposecretion. Adrenal medulla:
cells, normal and abnormal function. Blood supply and innervation of adrenal glands.
Endocrine part of Pancreas - the islets of Langerhans: cells, produced hormones and
their function. The regulation of blood sugar levels, hyper- and hypoglycemia.
Thyroid gland: embryonic origin, general features. Follicle structure. Thyroid
hormones synthesis and storage, their targets and effects. Hyperthyroidism and
hypothyroidism. Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland: structure, hormone produced,
function.
Parathyroid glands: development, structure, chief cells, produced hormone, function.
Regulation of blood Ca level: the role of Vit D, bone tissue, calcitonin and
parathormone.
Diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES).
Quiz 3 (topics 11-18)
19. Circulatory system
General features of circulatory system. Structure of the walls of blood and lymph
vessels.
Arteries: classification (elastic, muscular type, arterioles and metarteriols), structure
of the wall. The carotid and aortic bodies: structure and function. Carotid sinus:
structure and function.
Capillaries: the endothelial cells, pericytes, their structure and function. Types of
capillaries: continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal. Transport across capillary walls.
Veins: classification, structure of the wall, functions.
Arteriovenous anastomoses: structure and function.
Portal vessels (liver, kidney, pituitary gland): structure, functional significance.
Lymphatic vessels (capillaries, vessels, trunks, ducts): structure, functions.
Blood supply and innervation of the vessels.
Heart: general structure and function. The structure of the heart wall: endocardium,
myocardium of the ventricles and atria, epicardium, structural features. Cardiac
skeleton, cardiac valves. Impulse-Generating and Impulse-Conducting system.
Innervation and blood supply to the heart. The endocrine function of the heart
(atriopetin).
Development of the heart and blood vessels.
20. Peripheral blood and Hematopoiesis
General features of the blood. Plasma: structure, function of the plasma components.
Basic cell types of the blood. The concept of basophilia, acidophilia, neutrophilia.
Red blood cells: structure and function (anisocytosis, reticulocytosis, fragmentation of
the nucleus), hemoglobin, its types.
White blood cells. Agranulocytes: lymphocytes, their types (B lymphocytes, T
lymphocytes, natural killer cells), structure and function; central lymphoid organs
(thymus, red bone marrow); monocytes, structure and function. Granulocytes:
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, their structure and function. Platelets: structure
and function. Factors and mechanisms of blood clotting.
Hematopoiesis: history of stem cells, the concept of stem cells, hematopoietic stem
cells, CFU, unipotent stem cell. Red bone marrow: structure and function.
Erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, monocytopoiesis,
trombocytopoiesis. Regulation of hematopoiesis, colony stimulating factors.
Compartments and the life cycle of blood cell types. Age and sex related changes of
blood. Physiological regeneration of blood and lymph, regulating factors.
21. Lympoid (Immune) system.
General structure of the lymphoid system: components, structure and function.
Lymphocyte aggregates, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow: structure
and function.
Cells of the lymphoid system: Lymphocytes (B cells, plasma cells, T cells, natural
killer cells (NK-cells)), macrophages, reticular cells, antigen-presenting cells. Major
histocompatibility complex (MHC), human leukocyte antigen (HLA).
The concepts of antigens and antibodies. The antigenic determinants, epitopes. The
structure of an antibody molecule, immunoglobulin types, action mechanisms.
Types of immune response: humoral and cellular immunity, cells interaction in the
immune response. Primary and secondary immune response.
Differentiation of T-lymphocytes in the thymus.
Quiz 4 (topics 19-21)
Control (topics 1-21)
III semester
SEMINARS
22.
Nervous system 1
General features of nerve tissue and the nervous system: structural components;
classification of nervous system by location and function; neurons, general
features; supporting cells, general features. Embryonic development of nerve
tissue and nervous system.
Neurons: classification of neuron types by configuration of cell processes, cell
size, function, neurotransmitter released. Neuron cell body, dendrites, axon, their
structure and function.
Supporting cells: embryonic origins, classification. Macroglia (astrocytes,
oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells) and microglia, structure and function. Bloodbrain barrier, it’s structure and function. Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous
system: Schwann cells, satellite cells, structure and function.
Ganglia, types and their functions.
Nerve fibers (axons), their structure and types. Formation of the myelin. Features
of signal transmission by myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Peripheral nerves.
Sheaths of peripheral nerve.
22.
Nervous system 2
Synapse. Types of synapses. Structure of chemical synapses (pre- and postsynaptic
membranes, synaptic cleft, neurosecretory vesicles, their structure).
Histophysiology of nerve tissue. Resting membrane potential. Action potential, its
firing and propagation. Refractory period. Direction of signal transmission.
Cerebral cortex. Cerebellar cortex. Cell types (pyramidal cells, Purkinje cells,
Golgi cells type I and II, etc.)
Meninges, structure and function. Choroid plexus. Production of cerebrospinal
fluid, ways of drainage.
Regeneration of nerve tissue. Axonal degeneration and neural regeneration.
22.
Sense organs. Organ of taste and olfactory organ.
General features of the sense organs. Classification of receptors by their
relationship to the nervous system (neuronal, epithelial, neuroepithelial), their
distribution. Classification of receptors by adequate stimulus. Classification of
receptors by localization (extero-, intero-receptors, proprioceptors).
Receptors for superficial and deep sensation, their structure and functions.
Proprioceptors (muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs), their structure and
functions.
Chemoreceptors, their structure and functions. Sense organ of taste. General
features and embryonic development. Structure and taste bud cell types.
Histophysiology of organ of taste. Olfactory organ. General features. Origins of
embryonic development. Structure and cell types of olfactory epithelium
(olfactory, supportive and basal cells).Olfactory bulb, cell types. Histophysiology
of olfactory epithelium. Carotid and aortic bodies.
22.
Skin and its derivatives
Skin: embryonic origins, tissue types, general features. Types of skin.
Distinguishing features of epidermis in different types of skin, its cell types.
Layers of dermis, characteristics of tissues. Hypodermis. Blood supply to the skin
and innervation.
Skin receptors: free nerve endings, Merkel’s, Meissner’s, Pacinian corpuscles,
Krause’s end-bulbs. Their structure and function.
Skin derivatives. Structure of sebaceous and sweat glands, cell types, types of
secretion and its regulation. Structure of hair follicle and hair. Nails.
Mammary glands: structure, function, type of secretion, its regulation, ways of
lymphatic drainage.
22.
Eye
Basic structure of the eye: tunica fibrosa, tunica vasculosa and tunica interna
(retina). Structure of anterior and posterior chambers, cornea, iris, lens, vitreous
body.
Retina: layers, cell types. Structure of photoreceptor, bipolar and ganglion cells.
Fovea centralis (macula lutea) and optic disc (blind spot). Optic nerve. Accessory
structures of eye: conjunctiva, eyelids, glands, lacrimal apparatus. Embryonic
development of the eye.
22.
Organ of hearing and balance
Organ of hearing and balance: general features. External ear. Middle ear. Internal
ear. The bony and membranous labyrinths.
Vestibular organs: utricle and saccule, semicircular canals; structure and cell
types of macula and crista ampullaris. Innervation. Histophysiology of vestibular
organs.
Cochlea: structure of cochlear canal, structure and cell types of spiral organ of
Corti, its innervation. Histophysiology of sound perceprion. Changes with age.
Embryonal development of organ of hearing and balance.
Quiz 5 (topics 22-27)