Download Enlightenment Ideals DBQ Directions: The following question is

Enlightenment Ideals DBQ
Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Sources 1- 7.
Write your answer on the lined pages provided.
This question is designed to test your ability to work with historical documents. As
you analyze each source, take into account its source and the point of view of the
author. Write an essay on the following topic that integrates your analysis of the
documents. You may refer to historical facts and developments not mentioned in the
documents.
DBQ Question
Evaluate the social/cultural and political reforms Enlightenment thinkers sought in
18th century European society.
Historical Background:
During the 18th century, new convictions began to spread about the possibility for wide
economic change and social reform. These attitudes grew over time, and the
movement that stimulated such ideas became known as the Enlightenment. The
leading figures of the Enlightenment were inspired by the fruits of the Scientific
Revolution, and they believed in the power of rational criticism to challenge the
intellectual authority of traditional institutions and the Church.
Thesis
4 Has a clear
well developed
thesis that
answers the
prompt and
guides the
essay
throughout
3 Has a thesis
which
addresses the
essay prompt
2 Has a limited,
confused,
poorly
developed
thesis, may
restate the
prompt, and
has weak
organization
and writing
1 Has no thesis
or a thesis that
does not
address the
topic
Use of
Documents
Effectively
uses all or a
substantial
number of
documents
and interprets
them
Understanding
of Topic
Richly supports
with relevant
and accurate
facts,
examples, and
details; may
contain
insignificant
errors that do
not hinder
argument or
organization
Effectively
Supports with
uses some of
relevant and
the documents accurate facts,
examples and
details; may
contain minor
errors that do
not interfere
with
comprehension
Ineffectively
Uses some
uses
accurate facts,
documents:
examples, and
briefly cites or details; may
quotes
contain major
documents in
factual errors
a list, or
interprets
documents
incorrectly
Contains little Uses few
or no
accurate facts,
understanding examples, and
of the
details;
documents or includes
ignores them
numerous
completely
factual errors
Organization
Conventions
Consistently
demonstrates
a logical and
clear plan of
organization
with a strong
introduction
and conclusion
Evident control of
grammar,
mechanics,
spelling, usage,
and sentence
formation
Demonstrates
a logical and
clear plan of
organization
with a good
introduction
and conclusion
Sufficient control
of grammar,
mechanics,
spelling, usage,
and sentence
formation
Demonstrates
a general plan
of organization
with a weak
introduction
and conclusion
Limited control of
grammar,
mechanics,
spelling, usage
and sentence
formation
Is poorly
organized and
lacking focus
with a vague
introduction
and conclusion
Minimal control of
grammar,
mechanics,
spelling, usage
and sentence
formation
Document 1
“Democratic and aristocratic states are not in their own nature free. Political liberty is to
be found only in moderate governments; and even in these it is not always found. It is
there only when there is no abuse of power. But constant experience shows us that
every man invested with power is apt to abuse it, and to carry his authority as far as it
will go . . .
To prevent this abuse, it is necessary from the very nature of things that power should
be a check to power . . .
In every government there are three sorts of power: the legislative, the executive in
respect to things dependent on the law of nations; and the executive in regard to matters
that depend on the civil law [the realm of the judiciary] . . .”
Baron de Montesquieu, French political philosopher, The Spirit of Laws, 1748
Document 2
“Once it is demonstrated that man and woman are not and ought not be constituted in
the same way in either character or temperament, it follows that they ought not be
constituted in the same way in either character or temperament, it follows that they ought
not to have the same education. In following nature’s directions, man and women ought
to act in concert, but they ought not to do the same things. The goal of their labors is
common, but their labors themselves are different, and consequently so are the tastes
directing them . . .”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French philosopher, excerpt from the novel Emile or On
Education, 1762
Document 3
“The most detestable example of fanaticism was that of the burghers of Paris who on St.
Bartholomew’s Night [1572] went about assassinating the butchering all their fellow
citizens who did not go to mass, throwing them out of windows, cutting them in pieces.
Once fanaticism has corrupted a mind, the malady is almost incurable . . .
The only remedy for this epidemic malady is the philosophical spirit which, spread
gradually, at last tames men’s habits and prevents the disease from starting; for once
the disease has made any progress, one must flee and wait for the air to clear itself.
Laws and religion are not strong enough against the spiritual pest; religion, far from
being healthy food for infected brains, turns to poison in them . . .”
Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire, French author, Philosophical Dictionary, 1764
Document 4
“If the question is put in the form: are we living in an enlightened age?, then the answer
is no, but we are indubitably living in an age of enlightenment. As things now stand in
the main, we have a long way to go before men may be fit to employ their own reason in
matters of religion confidently and justly without the guidance of another. But there is
manifest evidence that a field has been opened up to them where they may freely use
that faculty, and that the obstacles to universal enlightenment or the emergence of
mankind from its self-imposed minority are gradually diminishing, and in that sense this
is an age of enlightenment.”
Immanuel Kant, German philosopher, excerpt from ‘Was ist Aufklarung?’ (“What is
Enlightenment?”), 1783
Document 5
1. Men are born, and always continue, free, and equal in respect of their rights. Civil
distinctions, therefore, can be founded only on public utility.
2. The end of all political associations, is, the preservation of the natural and
imprescriptible rights of man; and these rights are liberty, property, security, and
resistance of oppression.
7. Now man should be accused, arrested, or held in confinement, except in cases
determined by the law, and according to the forms which it has prescribed.
10. No man ought to be molested on account of his opinions, not even on account of his
religious opinions
13. A common contribution being necessary for the support of the public force, and for
defraying the other expenses of government, it ought to be divided equally among the
members of the community, according to their abilities.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens
Document 6
“Rousseau declares that a woman should never, for a moment, feel herself independent
. . . What nonsense! When will a great man arise with sufficient strength of mind to put
away the fumes which pride and sensuality have thus spread over the subject! If women
are by nature inferior to men, their virtues must be the same in quality, if not in degree,
or virtue is a relative idea; consequently, their conduct should be founded on the same
principles, and have the same aim.”
Mary Wollstonecraft, British author, excerpt from A Vindication of the Rights of Women,
1792.
Document 7
Average annual output of new and reprinted works in English (books, pamphlets, and
smaller items) in key cities of the British Isles
1710-1719
1720-1729
1730-1739
1740-1749
1750-1759
1760-1769
1770-1779
1780-1789
1790-1795
Mid-century
population in
the thousands
LONDON
1,705
1,378
1,446
1,345
1,567
1,693
2,038
2,434
3,472
DUBLIN
114
162
160
157
216
209
195
247
374
EDINBURGH
160
144
147
214
201
379
249
207
316
GLASGOW
12
11
12
41
65
58
55
53
90
675
90
57
24
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