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Biodiversity Trophic Levels Trophic Levels 10% Rule Net Product Productivity Biodiversity California Gnatcatcher Robert MacArthur & E.O. Wilson Island Biogeography Island Biogeography Galapagos Islands Speciation Darwin’s Finches Geographic Isolation Continental Drift Mass Extinctions Paul and Anne Ehrlich Interspecific Interactions Interaction Ind. # 1 Ind. # 2 Competition - - Predation + - Mutualism + + Commensalism + 0 Competition Interspecific Intraspecific Competitive Exclusion Rule Two species cannot occupy the same ecological niche Resource Partitioning Character Displacement Predation Plant Defenses Physical Thorns Spines Chemical Poisons Nicotine Strychnine Morphine Tannins Animal Defenses Physical Shells Horns/Antlers/Quil ls Teeth Chemical Poisons Odors Animal Defenses Cryptic Coloration Aposematic Coloration Animal Defenses Batesian Mimicry Mullerian Mimicry Mutualism Commensalism Keystone Species Keystone Species Principles P 56 # 10 P 68 # 23 P74 # 1 P 98 # 6 P 104 # 15 P 140 # 12