Download practical #2 - muscular system

PRACTICAL #2 - MUSCULAR SYSTEM
You are expected to be able to identify these muscles on the models. Cadavers may be
used in your lab to assist your learning – however, cadavers will NOT be on the practical
exam.
HEAD & NECK
Move the head:
Sternocleidomastoid
Facial expression:
Frontalis (frontal belly of epicranius)
Occipitalis (occipital belly of epicranius)
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
Mentalis (models)
Levator labii superioris (models)
Depressor labii inferioris (models)
Buccinator
Risorius
Depressor anguli oris
Zygomaticus major and minor
Muscles that move the tongue:
Genioglossus (tongue model)
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus (picture in text)
Mastication:
Masseter
Temporalis (deep to temperoparietalis)
Suprahyoid muscles (elevate hyoid)
Digastric – anterior and posterior bellies
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid (tongue model
Stylohyoid
Infrahyoid muscles (depress hyoid)
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid – superior and inferior bellies
Thyrohyoid
Posteior compartment of neck:
Levator scapulae
Scalenes – anterior, medial and posterior
Splenius capitis
Miscellaneous head/neck muscles:
Temperoparietalis (also known as superior auricular)
TORSO & ABDOMEN
Pectoralis major and minor
Serratus anterior
External & Internal oblique
Transversus & Rectus abdominus
Linea alba and tendinous inscriptions of the abdomen
Aponeurosis of the external oblique and the inguinal ligament
Aponeurosis of the transverses abdominus
Intercostals – external and internal
Diaphragm
BACK
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboideus major and minor (deep to trapezius)
Trapezius – three regions
Teres major
Rotator cuff muscles:
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus & infraspinatus
UPPER EXTREMITY - ARM
Deltoid
Flexors of forearm:
Biceps brachii – both heads
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Coracobrachialis
Extensors of Forearm:
Triceps brachii – all three heads
Anconeus (cubitalis riolani)
Flexor compartment of the hand/fingers – NOT THE INDIVIDUAL MUSCLES!!!
Extensor compartment of the hand/fingers – NOT THE INDIVIDUAL MUSCLES!!!
Flexor retinaculum (roof of the carpal tunnel)
Extensor retinaculum
PELVIS
Iliooccygeus, pubococcygeus - Levator ani
Coccygeus
Quadratus lumborum
LOWER EXTREMITY
Extensors of Hip:
Gluteus maximus
3 hamstrings
Adductor magnus
Flexors of Hip:
Iliacus + Psoas major = Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Tensor fascia latae – with its iliotibial tract
Rectus femoris
4 adductors of the hip
Abductors of Hip:
Gluteus medius & gluteus minimus (under gluteus medius)
Tensor fascia latae – with its iliotibial tract
Piriformis
Superior and inferior gemellar muscles
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris
Adductors of Hip:
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Adductor brevis (don’t need to find)
Pectineus (under the femoral artery and nerve)
Gracilis
Extensors of Knee:
Quadriceps femoris - also known as rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis &
vastus intermedius
Flexors of Knee:
Gracilis
Sartorius
Hamstrings: Biceps femoris (long & short heads), Semitendinosus & Semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius (lateral and medial bellies)
Popliteus
Anterior compartment of leg:
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Posterior compartment of leg:
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis posterior (under soleus)
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallicis longus
Achilles tendon (calcaneal tendon)
Lateral aspect of leg:
Fibularis (peroneus) longus & brevis
PRACTICAL #2 - NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neuron:
Cell body/Soma
Axon
Dendrites
Axon terminal
Synaptic End bulbs
Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin sheath
Schwann cell
Neurilemma
Endoneurium
Spinal cord:
Meninges and spaces
Gray horns – anterior, lateral and posterior
White columns - anterior, lateral and posterior
Epidural, subdural and subarachnoid spaces
Dorsal root, ganglion & ramus
Ventral root, ventral ramus
Gray commissure
Central canal
Rami communicantes
Denticulate ligaments
Cauda equinae
Filium terminale
Brain:
Cerebrum – cortex, lobes, sulcus, gyrus, longitudinal fissure, central sulcus, lateral
cerebral sulcus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, lateral ventricles, third ventricle,
fourth ventricle,
corpus callosum, septum pellucidum, fornix
anterior and posterior commissures
choroid plexus within 3rd ventricle
Pineal body/epithalamus
Basal Ganglia –globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, putamen, insula
Brain Stem – components (medulla, pons, midbrain)
-cerebral peduncles
-superior and inferior colliculus
Cerebellum – left and right hemispheres, vermis
Diencephalon - Thalamus, hypothalamus
Mamillary bodies
12 cranial nerves and their locations & corresponding numbers
Meninges and spaces (see spinal cord)
Nerves through foramina:
Incisive F. – nasopalatine nerve
Cribriform plate – olfactory nerves (I)
Optic canal – optic nerve (II)
Superior orbital fissure – oculomotor, trochlear, abducens nerves (III, IV, VI), V1 branch
of trigeminal (ophthalmic nerve)
F. rotundum – V2 branch of trigeminal (maxillary nerve)
F. Ovale and Spinosum – V3 branch of trigeminal (mandibular nerve)
F. lacerum – greater petrosal nerve
Greater palatine F. – greater palatine nerve
Lesser palatine F. – lesser palatine nerve
Stylomastoid F. – facial nerve (VII)
Internal acoustic meatus – facial and acoustic nerves (VII, VIII)
Jugular F. – glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory nerves (IX, X, XI)
Hypoglossal canal – hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Foramen magnum – medulla oblongata
Mental F. – mental nerve
Mandibular canal – inferior alveolar nerve
Peripheral Nervous System
Cervical plexus – what spinal nerves?
Brachial plexus – what spinal nerves?
Lumbar plexus – what spinal nerves?
Sacral plexus – what spinal nerves?
Ulnar nerve
Radial nerve
Median nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve (arm models)
Superior trunk of Brachial Plexus
Medial trunk of Brachial Plexus
Inferior trunk of Brachial Plexus
Ilioinguinal nerve
Femoral nerve
Saphaneous nerve
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous nerve
Obturator nerve (big leg model)
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Sciatic Nerve
Tibial nerve
Common peroneal nerve
Deep peroneal and superficial peroneal nerves
Sural nerve
Thoracic (intercostal) nerves
PRACTICAL #2 - SENSES
Nose
Superior, inferior and medial nasal conchae
Nasal meatuses
Olfactory nerves/tracts and bulbs
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Mouth
Regions of taste buds on the tongue
Eye
Eyelids or palpebrae – superior and inferior palpebra
Palpebral fissure, lateral commisure (canthus) & medial commisure (canthus), lacrimal
caruncle
Eye muscles – superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior
oblique, inferior oblique
Anterior and posterior chambers & cavities of the eyeball
Three tunics of the eye – vascular, fibrous, nervous
Fibrous layer – sclera, cornea
Vascular layer - choroid, ciliary bodies, suspensory ligaments, iris, pupil,
Nervous layer/Retina – optic disc, macula lutea, fovea centralis, ora serrata
Ear
Outer ear – auricle/ pinna, lobule, external acoustic meatus, external acoustic canal
Middle ear – tympanic membrane, malleus, incus and stapes, auditory/Eustachian tube
Inner ear – Cochlea, vestibule with utricle & saccule, semicircular canals, ampullae,
round window, oval window, scala tympani, scala vestibuli, scala media (cochlear duct)
spiral organ (Organ of Corti), tectorial membrane, basilar membrane
vestibular membrane