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Individual Virology Chapter Respiratory viruses [Requirement] Master all of the contents about Influenza viruses Understand the clinical illnesses caused by other respiratory viruses. [Class hour: 1 hour ] [Outline] sectionⅠCharacteristic properties of common respiratory viruses Shape and strecture viruses Influenza virus Diameter (nm) Nucleic acid 80-120 ssRNA Envo lope + Parainflue-nz a virus 100-250 ssRNA + Measles virus 120-250 ssRNA + H,N No.of serotypes diseases 3 Influenza, Common cold, Bronchitis 4 Common cold Croup Pneumonia 1 Measles, SSPE 1 Mumps, Menungutis, Orchitis 1 Bronchiolitis, Pneumonia Postnatal and congenital rubella variable H(+) N(-) Mumps virus 110-360 ssRNA + Respirato-ry syncytial virus 90-130 ssRNA + Rubella virus 50-70 ssRNA + 1 Rhinovirus 15-30 ssRNA _ >110 Common cold Coronavirus 80-100 ssRNA + >3 Common cold 3 Upper resp. tract infection, diarrhea 33 Acute resp. disease, Pneumonia, Conjunctivitis Reovirus Adenovirus 60-90 dsRNA 70-90 dsRNA _ _ _ sectionⅡ Influenza virus Ⅰ.Biological properties 1.Morphology and structure: spherical, filamentous, 80-120nm, helical symmetry 1)core: (1) -ssRNA, segmented( 8 pieces ), easily recombined to form new mutant (2) NP: surround and bind the RNA, type-specific, stable. (3) Polymerase: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. 2)Middle layer structure: stable, keep shape and intact. 3)Envelope: lipid bilayer, spikes: (1) Hemagglutinin ( HA ): trimer, 2units: HA1and HA2 * agglutiate human and some animal RBC * be related to the adsorption of viruses * antigenicity: show great variability Abs to the HA are protective, neutralize viral infectivity. (2) Neuraminidase ( NA ): tetramer * be related to the release of viruses: hydrolyze the terminal neuraminic acid of glycoprotein on surface of cell. * antigenicity: variable 2.Type and variation Based on antigenicity of NP: Influenza A, B, C. Based on HA, NA: subtype * Antigenic drift: minor antigenic changes. * Antigenic shift: major antigenic changes. 3.Cultivation Culture in amniotic or allantoic cavity of chicken embryo. Grow poorly in cell culture. 4.Resistance Inactivated 56℃ 30min. sensitive to lipo-solvents. Ⅱ.Pathogenesis and immunity Ⅲ.Microbiological detection Ⅳ.Control Vaccine: inactivated, attenuated-live. Chapter Enteroviruses [Requirement] Master the common properties of enteroviruses. Master the pathogenesis of poliovirus. Master the clinical illnesses caused by Coxackie virus, ECHO virus and New enteroviruses. Master the biological properties and pathogenesis of rotaviruses. [Class hour: 1 hour ] [Outline] Enterovirus belong to picornaviruses, they are all found in the intestines and excreted in the feces. 1. Classification: Type viruses Clinical illness Polioviruses 1-3 Coxsackievirus A 1-24 B 1-6 Echoviruseses 1-34 New enteroviruses Rotaviruses 68 69 70 71 72 A- C V- G Paralysis Aseptic meningitis Myocarditis Paralysis Myocarditis Paralysis Pneumonia; bronchiolitis Acute haemorrhagic conjumctivitis Myocarditis; Paralysis Hepatitis A Diarrhea (humans; animals) Diarrhea (animals) 2. Common properties of enteroviruses: (1) +ssRNA, infectivity (2) 22-30nm, icosahedral, spherical, the capsid consists of four major peptides (VP1,VP2,VP3,VP4), non-enveloped (3) assembly in cytoplasm (4) parasite in entero, transmitted by digestive tract (5) they can give rise to viraemia (6) resistance: resistant to lipo-solvents, pH3-5, resist 56℃ 30min (7) variety of clinical sign: CNS, diarrhea, myocardial damage, rash, etc (8) they are common in children than adults (9) in temperate climates they cause infections usually in the summer and autumn sectionⅠ Poliovirus Ⅰ.Biological properties: 1.27-30nm, spherical, non-nevoloped 2.+ssRNA, 7500bp, 3′terminal: polyA, 5 terminal: Vpg 3.4 structural proteins: Vp1-4 4.culture in primates cells, CPE 5.3 serotypes, non-cross reaction Ⅱ.Pathogenesis and Immunity 1.source of infection: patients, viruses-carrier 2.mode of transmission: fecal-oral route virus---month---multiply in oropharynx or intestinal lymphanode---first viremia---multiply in other lymph-tissues---second viremia---CNS( moter neurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord) ---paralytic poliomyelitis Immunity: secrete IgA, neutralization Ab: IgG, IgM Ⅲ.Microbiological detection 1.Isolation of virus: from throat swabs, feces. 2.Detects Abs: neutralization test. Ⅳ.Control 1.Inactivated vaccine: Salk vaccine 2.Attenuated-live Sabin vaccine 3.γ-globulin SectonⅡ Coxackie virus, ECHO virus and New enteroviruses Ⅰ.Coxackie virus Coxackie virus group Type A 1-24 B 1-6 Clinical illness Aseptic meningitis Febrile illness Herpangina Hand, foot and mouth disease Neonatal disease Bornholm disease Myocarditis, hepatitis Meningitis Ⅱ. ECHO virus Main syndromes: Aseptic meningitis Paralysis Rash Respiratory disease Other features: Pericarditis and myocarditis Neonatal infection Ⅲ. New enteroviruses (shown aboved) SectonⅢ Rotaviruses Ⅰ.Biological properties 1.65-75nm, icosahedral, double-shelld capsids (inner capsid, wheel-like) 2.dsDNA: 11segments, 3.Culture: difficult 4.Type: basic on outer capsid, 7 groups(A-G), most of the human rotavirus are of group A Ⅱ.Pathogenesis Transmission: fecal-oral route 6 months-2 years children Ⅲ.Diagnosis 1.Electron Microscope 2.E:ISA 3.RT-PCR Ⅳ.Control 1.pay attention to hygiene 2.expectant treatment 3.vaccines are in research Chapter 36 Herpesviruses [Requirement] Master the common properties of herpesviruses. Master the classification and associated diseases of herpesviruses. [Class hour: 0.25 hours ] [Outline] Ⅰ.Classification Classification and associated diseases of herpesviruses Viruses Clinical illness Herpes simplex virus 1 ( HSV-1 ) Gingivostomatitis Labial herpes Keratoconjunctivitis Herpesencephalitis Herpes simplex virus 2 ( HSV-2 ) Genital herpes Neonatal herpes Cervical carcinoma Varicella-zostervirus ( VZV ) Varicella Zoster Epstein-Barr virus (EBV ) Infectious mononucleosis Burkitt′s lymphoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Cytomegalovirus (CMV ) Cytomegalic inclusion body disease Mononucleosis Congenial deformity Human herpesvirus 6 ( HHV 6 ) Roseola Ⅱ.Common properties 1.Linear dsDNA. 2.Icosahedral, spherical, 162 capsomers. 3.Enveloped 150-200nm, necleocapsid 100nm. 4.Most can grow in HDC, CPE. 5.Various infectious expression: apparent infection latent infection integrating infection congenital infection Chapter Arboviruses [Requirement] Master the common properties of arboviruses. [Class hour: 0.25 hours ] [Outline] Ⅰ.Common properties 1.Spherical, 20-50nm, a few: 70-130nm. 2.+ssRNA, icosahedral, enveloped, hemagglutinin. 3.Sensitive to heat, lipo-solvents, acid. 4.Intra-cytoplasmic multiplication, newborn mice are susceptible. 5.Reproduce in arthropods, arthropods are vector and reservoir host. 6.Epidemics with marked geographical and seasonal distribution. Ⅱ.Diseases caused by arboviruses 1.Encephalitis: e.g. B encephalitis. 2.Systemic infection: e.g. denge fever. 3.Hemorrhagic fever: e.g. epidemic hemorrhagic fever. 4.Hepatitis associated infection: e.g. yellow fever. Chapter 36 Herpesviruses [Requirement] Master the common properties of herpesviruses. Master the classification and associated diseases of herpesviruses. [Class hour: 0.25 hours ] [Outline] Ⅰ.Classification Classification and associated diseases of herpesviruses Viruses Clinical illness Herpes simplex virus 1 ( HSV-1 ) Gingivostomatitis Labial herpes Keratoconjunctivitis Herpesencephalitis Herpes simplex virus 2 ( HSV-2 ) Genital herpes Neonatal herpes Cervical carcinoma Varicella-zostervirus ( VZV ) Varicella Zoster Epstein-Barr virus (EBV ) Infectious mononucleosis Burkitt′s lymphoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Cytomegalovirus (CMV ) Cytomegalic inclusion body disease Mononucleosis Congenial deformity Human herpesvirus 6 ( HHV 6 ) Roseola Ⅱ.Common properties 1.Linear dsDNA. 2.Icosahedral, spherical, 162 capsomers. 3.Enveloped 150-200nm, necleocapsid 100nm. 4.Most can grow in HDC, CPE. 5.Various infectious expression: apparent infection latent infection integrating infection congenital infection Chapter Retroviruses [Requirement] Master the structure, pathogenesis, of HIV. Understand the genes, replication, diagnosis and control of HIV. [Class hour: 1.5 hours ] [Outline] Retroviridae include 3 dubfamilies: 1. Oncovirinae: HTLV-1, HTLV-2 2. Spumavirivae: 3. Lentivirinae: HIV *Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) Pathogen of AIDS ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ). Ⅰ.Biological properties 1.Spherical, 100nm, enveloped, spikes. 2.Structure: Core: 2 copies of +ssRNA ( dimmer ); reverse transcriptase; P7. Capsid protein: P24. Matrix protein: P17. Envelope: gp41 gp120: *binding site for CD4 receptor of T cells. *be able to stimulate the production of neutralizing antibodies. *easy variation. 3.Genes: Structural genes: gag: coding for capsid proteins ( p17, p24, p7 ) pol: coding for protease, reverse transcriptase etc. env: coding for gp120, gp41. Regulatory genes: tat: regulating the synthesis of viral proteins ( + ). rev: regulating the synthesis of viral proteins ( + ). nef: regulating the synthesis of viral proteins ( - ). LTR: contain promotor and enhancer sequences. 4.Resistance 56℃inactivated. 5.Replication RNA---cDNA---RNA:DNA---dsDNA---integrated host DNA---stay latent or enter a productive cucle Ⅱ.Pathogenesis & immunity 1.Infectious source: patients, infectious people. 2.Transmission pathway: 1)By blood or blood products; 2)Sexual transmission; 3)Vertical transmission: from mother to child. 3.Pathogenesis: * gp120 of HIV select CD4 receptor of T4 cells---viruses multiply in T4 cells---cell-mediated immunodeficiency---opportunistic infections and tumors occur. * Destruction of T4 cells is achieved by: ① Viral replication ② Syncytium formation via membrane gp120 binding to cell CD4 antigen ③ Cytotoxic T cell lysis of infected cells ④ Cytotoxic T cell lysis of T4 cells carrying gp120 released from infected cells ⑤ Natural killer cells ⑥ Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. 4.Clinical features Exposure---Seroconversion---Asymptomatic---PGL or ARC---AIDS Ⅲ.Diagnosis 1.Isolation of the virus in culture 2.The detection of viral components or detection of proviral DNA or RNA 3.The presence of antibody to HIV antigens in the serum. Ⅳ.Control 1.Vaccines: Several vaccines ( gene-engineering enveloped Ag vaccine, polypeptides vaccine, recombing vaccine ) are under trial. 2.Drugs: AZT, ddI, ddC, 3TC etc.