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Earth Science Review

Understand the rock cycle
o How are sedimentary rocks formed
o How are metamorphic rocks formed
o How are igneous rocks formed
o Why is it called a ‘cycle’
Sedimentary rock formation: weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction,
cementation
Metamorphic rock formation: Intense heat and pressure
Earth Science Review
Igneous Rock formation: Cooling and hardening of magma or lava
material
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Weathering, erosion, deposition
o What is weathering and how does it effect earth’s surface
o What is erosion and how does it affect earth’s surface
o What is deposition and how does it affect earth’s surface
Earth Science Review

Earth’s layers
o What are the layers and characteristics of each of earth’s layers
o What are the two different types of crust and what are their characteristics?
o What is the difference between the asthenosphere and lithosphere
o What layer has convection currents and how does it play a role in plate
tectonics
The main layers of the Earth: Crust (continental and oceanic), Mantle
has convection and is a semi-solid, Outer core
is a liquid of iron and nickel, Inner core is a
solid of iron and nickel and high density causes
to be a solid
Earth Science Review
Asthenosphere and Lithosphere- The Lithosphere is the rigid crust
layer, while the asthenosphere is the top portion of the mantle, right
beneath crust.
The layer that has convection is the mantle. This is because the mantle is a
semi-solid, and it is being heated by the Earth’s core. Heat rises, cools, and
falls.
Earth Science Review
Continental drift
o What was the name of the huge landmass that covered much of earth 200
million years ago?
o What are 3 pieces of evidence that support continental drift?
The large landmass was
called “Pangaea.”
-There is fossil evidence,
landform evidence,
climatic evidence, and rock
evidence, and the fact that
the continents fit together
like a puzzle.

Plate Tectonics
o What are convergent plate boundaries and what do they create?
o What are divergent plate boundaries and what do they create?
o What are transform plate boundaries and what do they create?
Earth Science Review
Convergent boundary- collision- mountains
Convergent boundary subduction- volcanoes
Divergent boundary- oceanic/oceanic- mid ocean ridge, continental/continental- rift
valley
Transform boundary- earthquake
o What is sea floor spreading?
the formation of new areas of oceanic crust, which occurs through the
upwelling of magma at midocean ridges and its subsequent outward
movement on either side.
o What is subduction? What types of plate boundaries are associated with
subduction?
Subduction is when one plate sinks under another. This
occurs because of density differences in the crust.
Convergent boundaries are associated with subduction.

Topographic Maps
o What is a contour line?
o What does close contour lines indicate about a surface?
o What do a set of circles represent on a topographic map?
o How are streams indicated on a topographic map?
o Be able to calculate elevation at different points on a topographic map
Contour line: a line on a map joining points of equal height above or below sea
level.
Close contour lines indicate a steep slope on the surface.
Earth Science Review
The Basics of topographic maps:
1. Every point of the same contour line has the same elevation.
2. One side of a contour line is uphill and one is downhill.
3. Contour lines close to form a circle (or run off the side of the map). The area inside the circle is
almost always higher than the contour line.
4. Contour lines are drawn close together on steep ground and farther apart on flat ground.
Earth Science Review
Heat transfer
o What is convection and what are examples of convection?
o What is conduction and what are examples of conduction?
o What is radiation and what are examples of radiation?