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BIOCHEMISTRY PROFILES
BIOCHEMISTRY, which is also known as clinical chemistry, is the area concerned with
the analysis of bodily fluids (urine, blood etc.) to determine the presence/activity of defined
molecules. Biochemistry tests may be sub-categorized into:
1. General biochemistry
2. Endocrinology
3. Immunology
4. Pharmacology
This section includes general biochemistry profiles to provide information for the following
conditions / organs:
MYELOMA is a hematological malignancy (blood cancer) of plasma cells (cells of the
immune system) in bone marrow that produce antibodies. Testing for Myeloma may be
performed to diagnose the disease, monitor disease progression / effectiveness of treatment
or detect any possible complications.
DIABETES is a condition characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). This is
usually due to insufficient levels of insulin. Common symptoms include: polyuria (excessive
urine production), polydipsia (increased thirst) and vision problems. Currently there exist
three main forms of Diabetes:
1. Type I
2. Type II
3. Gestational Diabetes
OSTEOPOROSIS is a condition where bones become softer thus increasing the chances of
bone fracture. Osteoporosis is more common in post-menopausal women but it may also
develop in men. In addition, osteoporosis may arise as a result of certain drug therapies (e.g.
steroids) or in the presence of hormonal disorders.
LIVER FUNCTION tests are performed to aid in the diagnosis of liver diseases such as
hepatitis, cirrhosis and cancer amongst others. These tests include liver enzymes, bilirubin
and total protein to name a few.
LIPID PROFILE tests are performed to determine a persons risk for coronary heart disease.
These tests will help determine whether someone is at risk of having blocked blood vessels
that can lead to a heart attack or a stroke. These tests include total cholesterol, HDL (referred
to as the good cholesterol), LDL (referred to as the bad cholestrol) and triglycerides. Based
on the results the atherogenic ratio is calculated to determine risk of atherogenesis.
LIPOPRINT
LDL Subfraction Profile
Is your lipid profile really normal?
The Lipoprint LDL rest identifies and measures the small LDL subfractions associated with
increased risk of heart disease.
The color coded test profile is easy to interpret..showing the large “normal” LDL in yellow,
the small “bad” LDL associated with heart disease in red, and the “good” protective HDL in
green.
“Normal” Low Risk Profile
“Abnormal” High Risk Profile
Benefits of the Lipoprint Test
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Assists the doctor in identifying individuals at risk for heart disease
that may be missed by traditional cholesterol tests
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Since different LDL profiles may require different treatment,
Lipoprint LDL can assist the doctor in determining the best diet and / or drug
treatment for the patient

Assists the doctor in monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment
during follow-up
Recent Findings
Medical studies have found that there are seven different kinds of LDL cholesterol particles
(subclasses) that could indicate different risk for developing heart disease
Large LDL particles (subfractions 1 and 2 – “normal profile”) do not pose the same risk of
heart disease as the small LDL particles (subfractions 3 through 7 – “abnormal profile”)
associated with a three time higher risk for developing heart disease
The presence of small LDL subfractions could increase the risk of heart disease even if the
total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol numbers are normal
What to do
If you have been identified as being at risk for heart disease, have a family history of heart
disease, hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome or obesity, are a male over the age of 45
or a female over 55, you should consult your doctor to determine if you could benefit from a
Lipoprint LDL test
Test requirements
A simple fasting blood sample is required. Do not eat for 12 hours prior to giving blood for
this test
FAECAL CALPROTECTIN measurement is a test for inflammatory bowel disease. It
replaces the need for invasive colonoscopy or radio-labelled white cell scanning in many
clinical scenarios.
Structure and function
Calprotectin is a 36kDa calcium and zinc binding protein. It accounts for 60% of neutrophils
cytosol. In vitro studies show it has bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties. It is resistant to
enzymatic degradation, and can be easily measured in faeces.
Use as a surrogate marker
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a group of conditions that cause a pathological
inflammation of the bowel wall. Neutrophils influx into the bowel lumen as a result of the
inflammatory process. Measurement of faecal calprotectin has been shown to be strongly
correlated with 111 –indium-labelled leucocytes- considered the gold standard measurement
of intestinal inflammation.
The main diseases that cause an increased excretion of faecal calprotectin are Crohn’s
disease, ulcerative colitis and neoplasms (cancer). Levels of faecal calprotectin are normal
in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Specific indications for measuring calprotectin are in: Identify organic bowel disease against
functional bowel disease (IBS), and thus avoid the need for invasive tests such as
colonoscopy.
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Assessing efficacy of IBD treatments
Predicting relapses or flares of IBD
Offer an alternate diagnostic test for patients phobic of needles or
endos
BIOCHEMISTRY
Useful Websites for additional Information:
1. For more information on Myeloma visit the Multiple Myeloma Research
Foundation at: http://www.multiplemyeloma.org/
2. For more information on Diabetes visit the American Diabetes Association at:
http://www.diabetes.org/about-diabetes.jsp
3. For more information on osteoporosis and bone health visit the National
Osteoporosis foundation at: http://www.nof.org/
4. For more information on liver diseases visit MedlinePlus at:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/liverdiseases.html
5. For more information on specific lab tests visit Lab tests online at:
http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/index.html
BIOCHEMISTRY PROFILES
MYELOMA SCREEN
FBC and ESR
Biochemistry Profile
Protein Electrophoresis
Immunoglobulins
(IgA, lgG, IgM)
Bence-Jones Protein
DIABETIC PROFILE
Glucose
Glycosylated Hb
Microalbumin
BONE SCREEN
Urea and Electrolytes
Alkaline Phosphatase
Total Protein
Albumin
Globulin
Calcium
24 hour urinary calcium
24 hour urinary
phosphate
ALP (Αλκ. Φωσφατάση)
SGTP (ALT)
SGOT (AST)
γGT
T. BILIRUBIN (Χολερυθρίνη)
BILIRUBIN DIRECT
INDIRECT BILIRUBIN
OSTEOPOROSIS
SCREEN
Alkaline Phosphatase
Calcium
Albumin
Phosphate
Serum Crosslaps
Vitamin D (25 OH)
IRON STATUS
Iron
Total Iron Binding Capacity
Ferritin
LIVER FUNCTION
TESTS 1
LIPID PROFILE
CHOLESTEROL
(Χοληστερόλη)
HDL-CHOLESTEROL
LDL-CHOLESTEROL
TRIGLYCERIDES (Τριγλυκ.)
ATHEROGENIC RATIO
LDL subfractions (lipoprint)
LIVER FUNCTION
TESTS 2
ALP (Αλκ. Φωσφατάση)
SGTP (ALT)
SGOT (AST)
γGT
T. BILIRUBIN (Χολερυθρίνη)
BILIRUBIN DIRECT
INDIRECT BILIRUBIN
PROTEIN
ALBUMIN
GLOBULIN
LDH