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BLOOD TYPE DIETS: ARE THE CLAIMED HEALTH BENEFITS FACT OR FICTION? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW [1] ? CUSACK L, DE BUCK E, COMPERNOLLE V, VANDEKERCKHOVE P CENTRE FOR EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (CEBaP) BELGIAN RED CROSS-FLANDERS, MECHELEN, BELGIUM. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES • An association between particular blood types and vulnerability towards certain diseases has been researched. • This association between blood types and disease has been translated into a range of blood type diets. • Blood type diets are designed specifically for each blood type and claim to improve health and decrease the risk of disease. • There are many blood type diet authors and millions of books in print over the last decade. Evidence of the health benefits associated with blood type diets B was examined in a systematic review based on the PICO question, A 0 AB “In humans grouped according to blood type (Population), does adherence to a specific diet (Intervention) improve health and/or decrease the risk of disease (Outcome) compared with non-adherence to the diet (Comparison)?” METHODS 1 415 articles identified: The Cochrane Library (n=6), MEDLINE (n=639) and Embase (n=770) A systematic review was developed according to the principles of the Cochrane Collaboration: • Literature search: Performed by two independent reviewers 412 duplicate articles excluded. 1 003 articles 16 articles 1 article • Sources: The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase (searched until Oct 2012) • Types of studies included: Randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and case-series. 987 articles excluded. Titles and abstracts screened (independently by 2 reviewers) for relevance to PICO question. • Quality assessment of the evidence: GRADE methodology 15 articles excluded. Articles were assessed according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. From 1415 articles initially identified, only one study [2] met the inclusion/exclusion criteria (Figure 1). This study assessed the variation in LDL (low-density-lipoprotein) cholesterol responses of different MNS blood types to a low fat diet. However, this was a comparison of the results from across intervention arms of the MNS blood types, demonstrating a significant difference in the responses between the intervention arms of the combined MM and NN blood types and the MN blood type. RESULTS Figure 1 DISCUSSION CONCLUSION • Studies comparing responses between intervention groups are useful to demonstrate a heterogeneous response according to genotypic variation, yet these results do not validate the health effects of blood type diets. • No direct evidence was found to validate the health claims associated with blood type diets. • Another systematic review [3] has considered the relationship between genetic variations and lipid response, concluding that evidence is limited and the effects of genetic variation are not consistent, sometimes conflicting. V.u.: Philippe Vandekerckhove | Motstraat 40, 2800 Mechelen | Foto’s © StockXchange | 2013_134 • To validate the health benefits of a promoted diet (ie. a blood type diet), studies must focus on the outcome of an experimental group (adhering to the diet) compared with a control group (continuing with a standard diet), within a specific population (ie. grouped according to blood type). For more information: [email protected] E Realized by the centre for IDENCE-BASED PRACTICE of Belgian Red Cross-Flanders [1] Cusack L, De Buck E, Compernolle V, Vandekerckhove P. Blood type diets lack supporting evidence: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2013. First published May 22, 2013, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058693 [2] Birley AJ, MacLennan R, Wahlqvist M, Gerns L, Pangan T, Martin NG. MN blood group affects response of serum LDL cholesterol level to a low fat diet. Clin Genet 1997;51:291-5. [3] Masson LF, McNeill G, Avenell A. Genetic variation and the lipid response to dietary intervention: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:1098-111.