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THE WORLD POPULATION DISTRIBUTION DENSITY AND GROWTH OBJECTIVES : After studying this topic students 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. will be able to Realize that people are only real wealth Only Human resource uses other resources Country is known by its people Acquire the knowledge of population composition Understand the pattern of population distribution Understand the factors influencing the distribution of population SUMMARY PATTERN OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION . DENSITY OF POPULATION, FACTORS INFLUENCING DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION, GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS, CONOMIC FACTGORS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS, POPULATION GROWTH, COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE , MIGRATION, TRENDS IN POPULATION GROWTH, DOUBLING TIME OF WORLD POPULATION,SPATIAL PATTERN OF POPULATION CHANGE, IMPACT OF POPULATION CHANGE, DEMOGRAPHIC TGRANSITION, POPULATION CONTROL MEASURES TRANSCRIPT THE WORLD POPULATION DISTRIBUTION DENSITY AND GROWTH PATTERN OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN THE WORLD 1. Population distribution and Density help us to understand the demographic characteristics of any area. 2. Population distribution refers to the way people are spaced over the earth’s surface 3. 90% of population lives in 10% of land area 4. 10 most populous countries contribute 60% of the world’s population 5. Out of 10 countries 6 countries are located in Asia 6. 1. China 2. India, 3. USA 4. Indonesia 5. Brazil 6. Pakistan 7.CIS 8. Bangladesh 9. Japan 10. Nigeria DENSITY OF POPULATION 1.Each unit of land has limited capacity to support people living on it. 2. it is necessary to understand the ratio between the numbers of people to the size of Land. 3. It is the ratio between number of people and the unit of the land 4. It is measured in persons per sq. km Population 1,50,000 Density of population =_________________ Density= _______________ = 1500/sq.km Area 100 5. DENSELY POPULATED AREAS : Areas with more than 200 persons per sq.km A. North Eastern part of USA B. North Western part of Europe C. South, South East and East Asia LEAST DENSELY POPULATED AREAS : ( Less than 1 person /sq.km) A. North and South poles B. B. Hot and cold deserts C. C. Heavy rainfall zones D. Mountain areas MEDIUM DENSITY AREAS : (11 to 50 persons /S.Q. km) A. Western China B. Southern India C. Norway , Sweden FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 1. Geographical factors (i) Availability of water: People prefer to live in the areas where fresh water is available. Water is used for drinking, washing, bathing, cooking, cattle, crops, industries, and navigation River valleys are most densely populated areas of the world (ii) Land forms: People prefer to live on plain and gentle slopes Such areas are suitable for growing crops and build roads, and buildings Hilly areas do not favour such conditions so they are less populated Ganga plains are most densely populated where as Himalayas are least densely populated (iii) Climate Extreme climates are unsuitable for human habitation such as Hot and Cold Deserts. Areas with less seasonal variation attract more people Areas with heavy rain fall also unsuitable for habitation Mediterranean regions attract more people (iv) Soils: Fertile soils are suitable for cultivation of crops Ex. Indo Gangetic plains have thick population Thicker the fertile soils and thicker the population Mountain slopes and hot deserts have less population 2. ECONOMIC FACTORS (i) Minerals: Areas with mineral deposits attract more industries Mining and industrial activities attract more people Skilled and semi skilled workers settled in these areas Katanga –Zambia are good examples (ii) (iii) Urbanisation Cities offer better employment opportunities Provide educational and medical facilities Better means of communication Good civic amenities Cities attract rural migration Industrialisation Industrial belts provide job oppornuties Also attract transport operators, shopkeepers, bank employees, doctors, teachers and others The Kob-Osaka Region is an example 3. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS Religious and cultural centers attract more people Places of political and social unrest push the people Some times Government provide people incentives to move away from the centers Ex. Delhi. Mumbai POPULATION GROWTH DEF: THE CHANGE IN NUMBER OF INHABITANTS OF A TERRITORY DURING A SPECIFIC PERIOD OF TIME IS CALLED POPULATION GROWTH It may be + ve or –ve It can be expressed in absolute numbers or % It is an indicator of economic development social upliftment, historical and cultural background of the region BASIC CONCEPTS OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY GROWTH OF POPULATION: Change in population in particular area between two points of time is known as growth of population GROWTH RATE OF POPULATION: Change of population expressed in percentage NATURAL GROWTH OF POPULATION: population increased by difference between births and deaths in a particular region between two points of time. NATURAL GROWTH = Births-Deaths ACTUAL GROWTH OF POPULATION= Births-Death + In Migration – Out Migration POSITIVE GROWTH OF POPULATION: When Birth rate is more then Death rate or when people migrated from other countries to a region. NEGATIVE GROWTH OF POPULATION: When Birth rate falls below Death rate or people migrate to other regions. COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE THERE ARE THREE COMPONENTS 1. BIRTHS 2. DEATHS 3. MIGRATION BI CRUDE BIRTH RATE: ---- X 1000 P CBR: CRUDE BIRTH RATE Bi: Live births during the year P: Mid Year population of the area Death rate plays an active role in population chage Population change comes either by increasing Birth rate or decreasing death rate CDR; CRUDE DEATH RATE is expressed in terms of number of deaths in a particular year per thousand of population in a particular region It is calculated as D CDR =------------ X 1000 P CDR; CRUDE DEATH RATE D= NUMBER OF DEATHS P= ESTIMATED MID YEAR POPULATION OF THAT YEAR Large mortality rates are affected by the region’s demographic structure, social advancement and levels of its economic development MIGRATION: APART FROM BIRTH RATE AND DEATH RATE MIGRATION ALSO INFLUENCE THE POPULATION CHANGE 1. WHEN PEOPLE MOVE FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER THE FROM WHICH THEY MOVE IS CALLED PLACE OF ORIGIN 2. THE PLACE TO WHICH THEY MOVE IS CALLED PLACE OF DESTINATION 3. PLACE OF ORIGIN shows decrease in population 4. PLACE OF DESTINATION shows increase in population CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRATION 1 .Migration is a spontaneous effort to achieve a better balance between population and resources 2. Migration may be permanent , temporary o r seasonal 3. It may be RURAL TO URBAN, URBAN TO RURAL , RURAL TO RURAL URBAN TO URBAN 4.IMMIGRATION: migrants who move into a new place are called immigrants 5.EMIGRATION: Migrants sho move out of a place are called emigrants 6. People migrate for better economic and social life THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF FACTORS PUSH FACTORS 1. LESS ATTRACTIVE 2. UNEMPLOYMENT 3. POOR LIVING CONDITION 4. POLITICAL TURMOIL 5. UNPLEASANT CLIMATE 6. NATURAL DISASTERS 7. EPIDEMICS 8. SOCIO ECONOMIC BACKWARD NESS PULL FACTORS 1. MORE ATTRACTIVE 2. BETTER JOB OPPORTUNITIES 3. GOOD LIVING CONDITIONS 4. PEACE AND STABILITY 5. SECURITY OF LIFE & PROPERTY 6. PLEASANT CLIMATE TRENDS IN POPULATION GROWTH 1. 2. 3. 4. Population of the world is more than 6 billion In the beginning the population growth was very slow During 20th century the population growth is alarming After the introduction of agriculture ( 8000 to 12000 years) the population was 8 million 5. In first century a.d. it was about 300 million 6. The expanding world trade during the 16th and 17th century set the stage for rapid population growth 7. The dawn of industrial revolution(1750) the population was 550 million 8. World population exploded in 18 th century 9. Technological revolution helped to decrease death rate of population 10. the steam engine replaced the human energy and increased agricultural and industrial revolution 11. Inoculation against epidemics and other communicable diseases 12. Improvement in medical facilities and sanitation decreased death rate 13. Population increased more than ten times in the past 500 hundred years 14. In 20th century itself the population has increased four times 15. Nearly 80 million people are added each year DOUBLING TIME OF WORLD POPULATION 1. IT TOOK MORE THAN MILLION YEARS TO REACH ONE BILLION POPULATION 2. IT TOOK ONLY 12 YEARS TO RISE FROM 5 BILLION TO 6 BILLION 3. THERE IS A GREAT VARIATION AMONG THE REGIONS IN DOUBLING THEIR POPULATION 4. DEVELOPED COUNTRIES TAKE MORE TIME THAN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO DOUBLE THEIR POPULATION 5. EXAMPLE HIGHEST GROWTH RATE LIBERIA TAKES 8.2% PER YEAR LOWEST GROWTH RATE LATVIA - 1.5 % PER YEAR SPATIAL PATTERN OF POPULATION CHANGE 1.The population growth is low in developed countries as compared to developing countries 2. there is negative correlation between economic development and population growth 3. the annual rate of population change seems to be low because 4. When small annual rate is applied to a very large population it will lead to a large population change. 5. Even if the growth rate continuous to decline the total population grows each year 6. the infant mortality rate increased as has the death rate during child birth IMPACT OF POPULATION CHANGE 1. A small increase is desirable in growing economy 2. Population growth rate after certain levels 3. The depletion of resources is most concern 4. Population declines is also a serious concern 5. The HIV/AIDS and epidemics in Africa and CIS HAVE PUSHED THE DEATH RATES AND REDUCED THE LIFE EXPECTANCY 6. India takes 36 years to double its population DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION Stage 1 Birth rate and death rate are high - low natural increase - low total population Stage 2 Birth rate is high - death rate is falling - high natural increase (population growth) Stage 3 Falling birth rate - low death rate - high natural increase (population growth) Stage 4 Birth rate and death rate is low - low natural increase - high total population The Demographic Transition Model does not take into account migration. 1.The Demographic transition theory can be used to describe and predict the future population of any area. 2.The theory tells us that population of any region changes from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths. 3. society progresses from rural agrarian illiterate to urban industrial literate society 4. when these changes occur through stages it is called DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE I st STAGE: HIGH FERTILITY , HIGH MORTALITY people produce more to compensate high death rate due to epidemic and shortage of food supply The population growth is slow Most of the people are engaged in agriculture Large families are asset Life expectancy is low High illiteracy Low levels of technology 200 years ago all countries were under this stage II nd STAGE 1. Fertility remains high at the beginning of this stage 2. It declines with time 3. Reduced mortality rate 4. Improvements in sanitation and health conditions 5. Decline in death rate 6. Population is high III rd STAGE 1. Fertility and mortality are low 2. Population growth is slow or stable 3. Population becomes urbanized 4. Literate high technology 5. Deliberately controls the family size 6. Humans are highly flexible POPULATION CONTROL MEASURES 1. Family planning is spacing or preventing the birth of children 2. Access to family planning services 3. Improving women’s health 4. Propaganda free availability of contraceptives 5. Tax disincentives for large families Thomas Malthus theory (1793) 1. Population increases at the geometrical rate where as food supply increases at the arithmetical rate. 2. Any further increase in population cause famine, disease or war 3. Preventive checks are better than physical checks TEXT The World population Distribution, Density and Growth Patterns of population distribution in the world Density of population Factors influencing the distribution of population Geographical factors, : land forms, availability of water, climate soils Economic factors: minerals, urbanization, industrialization Social and cultural factors: type of govt, policies, social and political unrest Population growth, basic concepts of population geography, growth of population growth rate of population, natural growth of population, positive growth rate of population, negative growth rate of population Components of population change: birth rate , death rate, migration, types of migration, push and pull factors, trends in population growth , doubling time of population , spatial pattern of population change, impact of population change, demographic transition, population control measures. FAQ. 1. What are the people in a country really like? Ans. The people of a country like to know how many children are born each year, how many people are dying, whether they live, can they read or write and what work they do etc., 2. Why do people prefer to live in certain regions and not in others? Ans. The people prefer to live in certain regions because the basic needs such as food, cloths and shelter are available. 3. Why do people migrate? Ans. People migrate in order to get better social and economic living conditions. 4. What is population growth ? Ans. It is the change in the number of people of a territory during a specific period of time such as a decade or in one year. The change in population can be expressed either in terms of absolute number or in terms of percentage. The mechanism responsible for temporal or spatial population change are birth rates, death rates and migration. 5. What are the three components of population change? Ans. Birth rate: If births exceed death within a given period of time there will be natural increase in population. If the deaths exceed the position will be reverse. 6. 7. 8. 9. Death rate: it is related to the epidemics, disasters and prolonged famines. These cause rapid increase in deaths within a country. Consequently there is a rapid change in population. Migration: it includes migration and immigration. Migration leads to decrease and immigration leads to increase in population. What is the current growth rate of population of the world? Ans.The current growth rate of population is 1.3 % per annum( between 1995-2000) Name three geographical factors that influence the distribution of population. Ans. 1. Availability of water 2. Land forms 3. Climate 4. Soils Today the city life is unpleasant, mention some of the unpleasant aspects of the city life. Ans. The unpleasant aspect of city life is due to some problems which are faced by the citizens of the city, the problems are; (i) Lack of water supply (ii) Shortage of houses (iii) Problems of water (iv) Problems of pollution (v) Shortage of civic amenities What are the reasons for high density of population? Ans. (i) push factors (ii) pull factors (iii) climate 10.Distinguish between push and pull factors. PUSH FACTORS 1.LESS ATTRACTIVE 2.UNEMPLOYMENT 3.POOR LIVING CONDITION 4.POLITICAL TURMOIL 5.UNPLEASANT CLIMATE PULL FACTORS 1. MORE ATTRACTIVE 2. BETTER JOB OPPORTUNITIES 3. GOOD LIVING CONDITIONS 4. PEACE AND STABILITY 5. SECURITY OF LIFE & PROPERTY 6.NATURAL DISASTERS 6. PLEASANT CLIMATE 7.EPIDEMICS 8.SOCIO ECONOMIC BACKWARD NESS 11. Distinguish between CBR & CDR CRUDE BIRTH RATE CRUDE DEATH RATE 1. No. of live births /1000 female population No.of deaths /1000 persons 2. It is calculated as Bi D CBR ----------- X 1000 CDR-----------X 1000 P P 3. High in developing countries high in developing countries 4. Low in developed countries low in developed countries 5. If it exceeds CDR there is if it exceeds CBR there is – ve + ve Pop. Growth . 12. Describe the characteristics of population distribution in the world. a. 10 most populous countries account for 60% of total population b.six of these countries are found in Asia c. USA is the 3 rd largest country in the world d. plains are most favorable for human habitation e. 75% of population in developed countries is found in urban areas. 13. Name the regions have high density of population 1. East and Fareast Asia china , Korea, Japan, Taiwan 2. South and South East Asia: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia 3. North west Europe: UK France, Germany, Nether lands, Belgium, Luxemburg, Ireland, Denmark, Spain Italy 4. Eastern coast of North America : West Atlantic coastal regions of US and Canada. CASE STUDY During the past 50 years, China has experienced demographic change at an historic scale. This has had a profound impact upon its population structure. This article by Barcelona-based Chinese student Niu Yi Qiao outlines the causes and impacts of the change Pre – 1949: China had experienced a century of imperial decline, natural disasters, foreign invasion and civil unrest. Life expectancy was as low as 36 years. The communists took over in 1949 after the civil war and began to modernize China. 1949 – 1958: The communists shifted their attention to economic development and together with a rich resource base there was a 10% annual growth rate in the economy. A very successful healthcare program and better nutrition brought a marked fall in the death rate, especially in infant mortality. Most of the population was still rural and people’s minds were still dominated by the traditional view: more children to work the land, more children as a guarantee for security in old age. The birth rate was high and consequently the natural increase was rapid. 1958 – 1963: The communist leader Mao (who was a very successful politician and general, but not a great economic planner) was impatient with the rate of progress. What followed was the 'Great Leap Forward' policy (see below), a forced industrialization during which millions of peasants were made to leave the land to work in factories. The slogan at the time was 'overtake the British, race the Americans'. The political mismanagement and low agricultural production (there was a shortage for farmers) led to widespread famine and caused 25–30 million deaths, and a 30-35% fall in the birth rate. The death rate rose higher than the birth rate and the population experienced 5 years of natural decrease. 1962 – 1980: The 'demographic disaster' of the Great Leap Forward was followed by a baby boom in the mid-1960s and the economy began to recover. The introduction of private enterprise raised the level of food production. Throughout the 1970s politicians sought to bring about a drastic reduction in family size as they realised that a huge population threatened to outgrow the available resources. What emerged was the 'one child policy', which has been very successful in reducing birth rates. The implementation of the policy was harsh and there were strict penalties: the 'Granny Police' watched over couples of childbearing age, and if a couple had more than one child, both parents would lose their jobs. The local government would issue a fine large enough to bankrupt the family and worse, the 'illegal' child would not be given a 'household register' which was necessary for school enrolment and applying for jobs. Usually, a married couple would fulfil the policy out of fear alone, although due to industrialisation and improved education, people were becoming more receptive to new ideas. Contraception was widely practiced throughout China in order to reduce pregnancies and widen the spacing between births. A steady reduction in the birth rate resulted. 1980 – 1990: Economic growth slowed due to inflation and a trade imbalance. Due to the success of the rigid one child policy, birth rates continued to decrease although in 1984 there was a slight rise. 1990 – Today: China is now a 'post-transitional' society, where life expectancy has reached new heights, fertility has declined to below-replacement level, and rapid population ageing is on the horizon. In the not-too-distant future, in a matter of a few decades, China’s population will start to shrink. In this process, China will also lose its position as the most populous country in the world to India. The 'one child policy' has recently been relaxed to a 'two child policy' in many districts in order to avoid the problems an ageing population could bring. This has additional implications: it is usually the rural villages that have established the 'two child policy', meaning that in future China’s population may be dominated by undereducated peasants (who already comprise 70% of the population). In the more advanced cities, it is not only the local government policy that maintains a low birthrates, but the change in people’s mentality. Most Chinese women have their own career and are unwilling to sacrifice their job for children. The expense of raising a child has also been taken into consideration by new couples. It is likely the Chinese government will soon consider a 'three child policy' to force couples into having more babies in order to maintain a low-cost workforce. ASSIGNMENT 1. Explain the three factors responsible for population growth in world. How is the trend in population growth of developed countries different from that of developing countries? 2. Industries and population grow side by side . Explain the statement by citing examples 3. What is population change ? Explain the components of population change. 4. Describe the distribution of population pattern in the world with examples. 5. Give five reasons for the high density of population in certain regions of the world. 6. What are the reasons for low density of population in certain regions. QUIZ 1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below. (i) Which one of the following continents has the highest growth of population? (a) Africa (c) Asia (b) South America (d) North America (ii) Which one of the following is not an area of sparse population? (a) The Atacama (c) Equatorial region (b) South-east Asia (d) Polar regions (iii) Which one of the following is not a push factor ? (a) Water shortage (c) Unemployment (b) Medical/educational facilities (d) Epidemics (iv) Which one of the following is not a fact ? (a) Human population increased more than ten times during the past 500 years. (b) Nearly 80 million people are added to the world population each year. (c) It took 100 years for the population to rise from 5 billion to 6 billion. (d) Population growth is high in the first stage of demographic transition? REFERENCE Majid Hussain,: Human geography Third edition Rawat pub * R C Chandana, ‘geography of population, concepts, determinants, and patterns Kalliani Pub * Singh L R Fundamentals of human geography Lakshmi Narain Agarwal human geography sharda pustak bhawan * King Human Geography king books * Negi Singh Balbir Human Geography an ecological approach, Kedar nath ram nath & co * Rao M S Dictionary of Geography Anmol publications pvt ltd * Lodha R M Dictionary of Geography academic publishers * Kayastha S L Geography of Population Rawat publications * Verma J K Human Geography Gnosis publishers of educational books * Doniwal Kumar Hemat Population Geography, Gnosis publishers of educational books * Hassan Izhar Mohammad, Population Geography Rawat publications Population Density: Number of persons per sq.km Growth of population: change of population in particular area between two points of time . Growth rate of population: the change of population expressed in % Natural growth of population: the population increased by difference between births and deaths in a particular region between two points of time. Natural growth= Births-Deaths Actual growth of population =n Births-deaths + in Migration – out Migration Positive growth of population= when birth rate is more than death rate Negative growth of population= when death rate is more than birth rate Components of population change: crude birth rate, death rate, migration Push factors: which are responsible for out migration Pull factors: which are responsible for in migration Immigration: migrants who move into a new place are called immigrants Emigration: migrants who move out of a place are called emigrants. Agriculture revolution: large scale change in agriculture with the help of technology Industrial revolution: change in industrial production Information revolution: dissemination of information thorough electronic devices Doubling time of population: time taken by a country to double its population. Demographic transition: It is the process of changing the Rural agrarian society into urban industrial society.