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WEATHER NOTES Interaction over short and long times brings continuous change to the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. Weather both predictable and unpredictable at the same time? I. VW: Atmosphere ** What is the atmosphere like? - The relatively thin layer of ______________ surrounding the Earth. - The most abundant gas is _____________, then oxygen – also some carbon dioxide, water vapor, and traces of others. - Is the reason Earth can support life. It provides us with the - _____________we breathe, it keeps _________________________ in a range life can handle, and protects from ______________ rays and ________________. 44 Revised June 2014 Layers of the Atmosphere 1) Each layer has its own properties including: a) composition of ______________. b) how _______________ changes with altitude c) ______________ 2) Nearly all weather happens in the _______________ - the layer where we live - the layer closest to Earth. 45 Revised June 2014 II Weather - is the _________________________condition of a __________________ place at a _________________ time. - Weather is primarily caused by the ___________ ___________ of Earth. - The primary factors of weather are: - ________________________________ - ________________________________ - ________________________________ - The Sun’s energy reaches the Earth through a process called ___________________ - the transfer of energy in waves. III. Predicting Weather ** How can weather be predicted? Weather Instrument Weather Variable _________________ Barometric Pressure _________________ Wind Speed _________________ Amount of Precipitation _________________ Wind Direction _________________ Temperature ________________ Humidity 46 Revised June 2014 - Modern Meteorologists also use: - Be Able to Read Weather Maps - _____________________ connect points of equal air pressure. IV. Air Pressure ** How does air pressure affect weather? - The ____________ that a column of air applies on the air/surface below. - There is more air pressure in _______________ air. 47 Revised June 2014 - Air moves from ______________________ pressure to_____________ pressure - High-pressure systems generally bring ________ skies and _______________weather. - Low-pressure systems generally bring _____________________________weather - Pressure systems generally move ________________to _____________in the United States. V. Water ** What role does water have in weather? - All the water on the Earth is called the _________________________. This includes oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and water vapor. A. Humidity - The amount of ____________ ___________ in the air. - ________________ air can hold more water vapor than ________________ air. - Water vapor ________________ as air cools. 48 Revised June 2014 Relative Humidity - Amount of ___________ __________ held compared to what it could be held. At _______________it can’t hold any more. Then rain or dew will form. - The relative humidity ________________ as temperature decreases. B. Water Cycle - Continuous movement of Earth’s water from the ocean, to the _______________, to the land and back again. - Driven by the _________________ and ________________. 49 Revised June 2014 (A) _________________________, (changes from a liquid to a gas due to an increase in thermal energy) (B) __________________________, (changes from a gas to a liquid due to a decrease in thermal energy). (C) __________________________, (D) __________________________, C. Clouds - A collection of tiny droplets of _____________ or ice crystals. - Form when air containing water vapor ______________, ________________ and ________________. 50 Revised June 2014 - Droplets form around __________________, _______________, or _______________. Millions of droplets make up a cloud. D. Cloud Types - ________________: ice crystals – usually no precipitation – changing weather – wispy, feathery, high - ________________: fluffy, fair weather - ________________: precipitation, thunderheads - ________________: layers, flat, will produce light to heavy continuous rain - ________________: low stratus clouds E. Precipitation - ________________: falls from clouds through temperatures above freezing. - ________________: below the cloud is freezing, stays ice crystals - ________________: rain falls through freezing air - ________________: freezes when on the surface - ________________: inside cumulonimbus clouds – updraft tosses ice crystals back up. 51 Revised June 2014 ** QUIZ ONE**: Date_____________ , _________ _____ Pages: ________ - ________ VI. Air Mass ** What role does air mass have in weather? - Is a large __________________ of air that has the same __________________________, and __________________________ throughout. - Forms when the air takes on the _______________ and ________________________of surface below. 52 Revised June 2014 A. Types of Air Masses Maritime: Polar Form over: __________ Form over: ___________ Brings: ____________ Brings: Continental ____________ Tropical Form over:___________ Form over: ___________ Brings: ____________ Brings: _____________ B. VW: Front: - A ______________________between two air masses as they collide (not mix). - Changes in ______________________, _____________ , _____________ types, ______________, and ______________________ are likely to occur at these boundaries. 53 Revised June 2014 1) Cold Fronts - ____________ air mass runs into a ________________ air mass. Warm air is forced ________ which then ___________ and ________________. Clouds form. _______________ and ______________ often form. Temperatures _____________. The _______________ becomes gusty. Severe _______________ may also occur. - SYMBOL: 2. Warm Fronts - ____________ air mass runs into a ________________ air mass. Warm air is forced ________ which then ___________ and ________________. Clouds bring _______________ _______________. Temperatures _______________. - SYMBOL: 54 Revised June 2014 3. Stationary Fronts - When the boundary ________________. Clouds and _____________ stay for several days. - SYMBOL: 4. Occluded Fronts - A cold front catches up with a warm front and blocks in the warm air. They usually bring __________________________. - SYMBOL: VII. Wind ** How are winds formed? - Energy in air is transferred through the atmosphere by ____________________. - When this motion is strong, the air is said to be __________________. 55 Revised June 2014 - Wind is the ________________________ of air from areas of ___________________ pressure to areas of ______________ pressure. - The moving of air caused by the ___________ _______________________________ of Earth. A. Global Winds - Circulation of air on the whole globe due to the uneven heating of Earth at different ____________________. - Earth’s ________________ causes winds to move in curved paths. This is the Coriolis Effect. - These are predictable, prevailing winds. They blow mainly from one direction. In the US this is mainly from the _______________ to the ____________________ B. Jet Stream - A narrow band of high-speed wind that blows in the upper ________________________. 56 Revised June 2014 - Moves air masses - Less predictable. Move _____________to ____________ C. Local Winds / Sea and Lake Breezes - Water temperatures change ________________ than land temperatures. This also means a difference in air pressure. - The _____________ current that results causes wind. ** QUIZ TWO**: Date_____________ , _________ _____ Pages: ________ - _________ VIII. Severe Weather ** What happens when weather gets severe? - ________________ of severe weather allows people to be given sufficient warning to take safety precautions. 57 Revised June 2014 - Safety in all storms - Listen for : - ____________________ - Conditions are right for a storm. Be alert. - ____________________ - Storms have been spotted. Take precautions. - Have an ______________________kit and a _________________ plan. A. Thunderstorms - Strong ________________, heavy ________________, and _______________. - Sometimes also ______________, ______________, and/or ______________. - Warm air creates _____________________ conditions. - Safety: - Every thunderstorm has _______________. - Find shelter ___________ if possible. Don’t use any electric devices. - If outside, stay away from ______________ places and isolated _________________. - Always avoid __________ and __________. - Don’t go in _________________ waters. 58 Revised June 2014 B. Tornado - Violent, ____________________column of air that extends to the ground. - ________________ can be more than 400 kilometers/hour (250 m/hr) and several hundred meters across. They can carry cars, trees, houses and debris. - Hard to predict - Most common in Tornado Alley. - Measured on Fujita Scale - F0-F5 - Safety: - Underground in ______________ or ____________ room on 1st floor. - If outside, flat in a _______________, face down, head covered C. Hurricanes - Large ________________ storm - forms over ____________ ___________________. - They must be at least 120 kilometers/hour (75 m/hr). ________________. - They can be 150 thousand times bigger across than tornadoes. - Also called a typhoon or tropical cyclone 59 Revised June 2014 - Safety - _______________________ if told to - Stay away from ________________ waters D. Ice Storms - A type of winter storm characterized by _______ that coats the ground, trees, and wires. E. Blizzard - Heavy ________________ and strong ________________ will produce a blinding snow, near zero ________________, deep drifts and life-threatening wind chill. - Winter Safety: - Be prepared to be at home for ___________ ______________. - Stay inside, stay warm, dress in ___________. - Use caution when _________________, stay off unplowed roads. IX. CLIMATE **How do weather and climate compare? 60 Revised June 2014 A) VW: Climate is the ________________of weather that occurs over a ________________ period of time (usually 30 years) in a particular region. - _______________ temperatures and _________________ precipitation B. Factors that Affect Climate - Bodies of Water - Latitude and Altitude - ________________________________ - blocks and cools the Earth - ________________________________ - which destroys the natural balance of Greenhouse Effect. ** QUIZ THREE**: Date_____________ , _________ _____ Pages: ________ - _________ ** UNIT TEST**: Date_____________ , _________ _____ Pages: ________ - _________ 61 Revised June 2014