Download Understanding SNPs and Cancer

Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding Cancer
Developed by:
Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph.D.
Donna Kerrigan, M.S.
Jeanne Kelly
Brian Hollen
Discusses and illustrates what cancer is,
explains the link between genes and
cancer, and discusses what is known
about the causes, detection, and
diagnosis of the disease.
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What Is Cancer?
Different Kinds of Cancer
Some common
carcinomas:
Lung
Leukemias:
Bloodstream
Lymphomas:
Lymph nodes
Breast (women)
Colon
Bladder
Prostate (men)
Some common
sarcomas:
Fat
Bone
Muscle
Naming Cancers
Cancer Prefixes Point to Location
Prefix
Meaning
adeno-
gland
chondro-
cartilage
erythro-
red blood cell
hemangio- blood vessels
hepato-
liver
lipo-
fat
lympho-
lymphocyte
melano-
pigment cell
myelo-
bone marrow
myo-
muscle
osteo-
bone
Loss of Normal Growth Control
Normal
cell division
Cell Suicide or Apoptosis
Cell damage—
no repair
Cancer
cell division
First
mutation
Second
mutation
Third
Fourth or
mutation later mutation
Uncontrolled growth
Example of Normal Growth
Dead cells
shed from
outer surface
Epidermis
Dividing cells
in basal layer
Cell migration
Dermis
The Beginning of Cancerous Growth
Underlying tissue
Tumors (Neoplasms)
Underlying tissue
Invasion and Metastasis
1
Cancer cells invade
surrounding tissues
and blood vessels
2
Cancer cells are
transported by the
circulatory system
to distant sites
3
Cancer cells
reinvade and grow
at new location
Malignant versus Benign Tumors
Benign (not cancer)
tumor cells grow
only locally and cannot
spread by invasion or
metastasis
Time
Malignant (cancer)
cells invade
neighboring tissues,
enter blood vessels,
and metastasize to
different sites
Why Cancer Is Potentially Dangerous
Brain
Melanoma
cells travel
through
bloodstream
Liver
Melanoma
(initial tumor)
Early Cancer May Not Have Any Symptoms
Cervical Cancer Screening
Normal
Pap smear
Abnormal
Pap smear
Breast Cancer Screening
Prostate and Ovarian Cancer Screening
Colon Cancer Screening
Biopsy
Pathology
Proteomic profile
Patient’s
tissue sample or
blood sample
Genomic profile
Microscopic Appearance of Cancer Cells
Dysplasia
Normal
Hyperplasia
Mild dysplasia
Carcinoma in Situ
Normal
Hyperplasia
Mild
dysplasia
Carcinoma in
situ (severe
dysplasia)
Cancer
(invasive)
Tumor Grading
General Relationship Between
Tumor Grade and Prognosis
100%
Low grade
Patient
Survival
Rate
High grade
1
2
3
Years
4
5
Tumor Staging
Five-Year Survival Rates for
Patients with Melanoma (by stage)
100%
50%
I
II
III
Stage at Time of Initial Diagnosis
What Causes Cancer?
Some viruses or bacteria
Some chemicals
Radiation
Heredity
Diet
Hormones
Population-Based Studies
Regions of Highest Incidence
U.K.:
Lung
cancer
JAPAN:
Stomach
cancer
CHINA:
Liver
cancer
AUSTRALIA:
Skin
cancer
CANADA:
Leukemia
U.S.:
Colon
cancer
BRAZIL:
Cervical
cancer
Tobacco Use and Cancer
Some Cancer-Causing Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke
Lag Time
20-Year Lag Time Between
Smoking and Lung Cancer
4000
Cigarettes
Smoked
per Person
per Year
3000
Cigarette
consumption
(men)
Lung
cancer
(men)
150
100
2000
50
1000
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
Year
Lung Cancer
Deaths (per
100,000 people)
Viruses
Virus inserts
and changes
genes for
cell growth
Cancer-linked virus
Examples of Human Cancer Viruses
Some Viruses Associated with Human Cancers
AIDS and Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Without
disease
HIV infection
Depressed
immune
system
KSHV infection
Kaposi’s
sarcoma
Heredity and Cancer
All Breast Cancer Patients
Inherited factor(s)
Other factor(s)
Genetic Testing
Genes and Cancer
Viruses
Chemicals
Radiation
Heredity
Chromosomes
are DNA
molecules
Cancer Risk and Aging
Cancer Risk and Aging
400
Colon
300
Breast
Number of
Cancer Cases 200
(per 100,000
people)
100
0
20
40
60
80
Age of Person (in years)
Avoid Tobacco
Lung Cancer Risk Increases
with Cigarette Consumption
15x
10x
Lung
Cancer
Risk
5x
0
Non-smoker
15
Cigarettes Smoked per Day
30
Limit Alcohol and Tobacco
Combination of Alcohol and Cigarettes
Increases Risk for Cancer of the Esophagus
40x
30x
Risk
Increase
20x
10x
Alcoholic Drinks
Consumed per Day
AND
Packs of Cigarettes
Consumed per Day
Protect Yourself From Excessive Sunlight
Diet: Limit Fats and Calories
Correlation Between Meat Consumption and
Colon Cancer Rates in Different Countries
40
Number of Cases
(per 100,000
people)
30
20
10
0
80
100
200
300
Grams (per person per day)
Diet: Consume Fruits and Vegetables
Avoid Cancer Viruses
High
HPV Infection Increases
Risk for Cervical Cancer
Cervical
Cancer
Risk
Low
Noninfected
women
Women
infected
with HPV
Avoid Carcinogens at Work
Some Carcinogens in the Workplace
What Is Cancer?