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02/12/2014 The Syllabus Suggests .. Weather Made (Really) Simple As a Mountain Leader we Should ! ! ! ! Know where to obtain forecasts Interpret forecasts from various sources Apply them to our journey planning Recognise changes in weather whilst out on a journey (cloud forms, wind direction etc.) ‘All in an alpine environment’ Mountain Weather – The basics ! Candidates should have an ELEMENTARY KNOWLEDGE of weather. ! The weather component although theoretical in nature, is predominantly practical in its application. ! It should form an inherent part of the decision making process. Getting a Forecast Internet Smart Phone Television Local Ameni:es Newspapers Radio Going Up –Colder ! Air will be colder ! Winds will be stronger ! Rain will be heavier On average air cools at 2°C per 300m (1000ft). However dry air cools quicker than wet air so this rate may vary by +/- 1°C 1 02/12/2014 Going Higher – Getting Windier ! No consistent equivalents as with temperature. Generally wind speed can increase by 2 or 3 times between sea level and the summits ! Remember mountains form a barrier to wind and this can lead to localised changes in direction and speed Alpine Weather Prediction ! Weather is more stable ! When unstable it is less predictable ! Greater localised differences, “bigger mountains = bigger variations” ! Predictions of local orographic weather can be inaccurate ! Local observations can play an even greater role Anabatic Winds Going Higher – Getting Wetter ! Rising air expands, cools and condenses. Initially this may generate cloudy weather and then eventually rain. Alpine Weather Anabatic Winds Katabatic winds Foehn winds Unexpected snowfall Temperature Inversions Strong winds at altitude Thunder and lightning Alpine Weather Anabatic Winds Katabatic winds Foehn winds Unexpected snowfall Temperature Inversions Strong winds at altitude Thunder and lightning 2 02/12/2014 Katabatic Winds Alpine Weather Anabatic Winds Katabatic winds Foehn winds Unexpected snowfall Temperature Inversions Strong winds at altitude Thunder and lightning Foehn Winds Alpine Weather Anabatic Winds Katabatic winds Foehn winds Unexpected snowfall Temperature Inversions Strong winds at altitude Thunder and lightning Unexpected Snowfall Alpine Weather Anabatic Winds Katabatic winds Foehn winds Unexpected snowfall Temperature Inversions Strong winds at altitude Thunder and lightning 3 02/12/2014 Temperature Inversion Alpine Weather Anabatic Winds Katabatic winds Foehn winds Unexpected snowfall Temperature Inversions Strong winds at altitude Thunder and lightning Lenticular Clouds Alpine Weather Anabatic Winds Katabatic winds Foehn winds Unexpected snowfall Temperature Inversions Strong winds at altitude Thunder and lightning Lightning Alpine Weather Anabatic Winds Katabatic winds Foehn winds Unexpected snowfall Temperature Inversions Strong winds at altitude Thunder and lightning 4 02/12/2014 Weather Issues Weather Anomalies ! Extreme weather conditions ! Trekking seasons ! Southern hemisphere weather patterns Monsoon Localised Flooding Types of Rainfall Weather Maps – Synoptic Charts ! Relief ! Convectional ! Frontal 5 02/12/2014 Know Your Way Around a Weather Map Clear or Messy ? Interpreting Weather Maps Using Six Key Questions Click Is the picture clear or messy ? Click Are we under high or low pressure ? Click How close are the isobars ? Click Where does the wind come from ? Click Does it blow over land or sea ? Click Are there any fronts ? Interpreting Weather Maps Using Six Key Questions Clearer picture - Clearer weather Messy picture - Messy weather High or Low Pressure ? Click Is the picture clear or messy ? Click Are we under high or low pressure ? Click How close are the isobars ? Click Where does the wind come from ? Click Does it blow over land or sea ? Click Are there any fronts ? Interpreting Weather Maps Using Six Key Questions L H Click Is the picture clear or messy ? Click Are we under high or low pressure ? Click How close are the isobars ? Click Where does the wind come from ? Click Does it blow over land or sea ? Click Are there any fronts ? 6 02/12/2014 How Close are the Isobars ? Interpreting Weather Maps Using Six Key Questions Where Does the Wind Come From ? Click Is the picture clear or messy ? Click Are we under high or low pressure ? Click How close are the isobars ? Click Where does the wind come from ? Click Does it blow over land or sea ? Click Are there any fronts ? Interpreting Weather Maps Using Six Key Questions Does it Blow over Land or Sea ? Click Is the picture clear or messy ? Click Are we under high or low pressure ? Click How close are the isobars ? Click Where does the wind come from ? Click Does it blow over land or sea ? Click Are there any fronts ? Interpreting Weather Maps Using Six Key Questions N W E S Click Is the picture clear or messy ? Click Are we under high or low pressure ? Click How close are the isobars ? Click Where does the wind come from ? Click Does it blow over land or sea ? Click Are there any fronts ? 7 02/12/2014 Are there any Fronts ? Depression Cross-section and Clouds Click cloud names for photo Interpreting Weather Maps Using Six Key Questions Click Is the picture clear or messy ? Click Are we under high or low pressure ? Click How close are the isobars ? Click Where does the wind come from ? Click Does it blow over land or sea ? Click Are there any fronts ? Hot and Cold Air Mass Distribution Factors Leading to Localised Warming 8 02/12/2014 Air Movement in High and Low Pressure Weather System Approaching UK from the West Depression Cross-section Warm Front Cold Front Occluded Front 9 02/12/2014 Air Pockets Rising and Cooling Thermal Above Hot Summit Warm Damp Air Being Lifted Over Mountains Rising Air, Dew-point and Temperatures Cloudy Foothills and Rainy Summit 3D Frontal System 10 02/12/2014 Weather Map and Features Air Squeezed from High to Low Weather Map and Winds Satellite Photo and Synoptic of Depression Funnel Effect and Eddies Formation of Banner Clouds 11 02/12/2014 Temperature Inversion Depression Cross-section and Clouds Click cloud names for photo Altocumulus Altostratus Altostratus and Stratocumulus Cirrocumulus 12 02/12/2014 Cirrostratus Cirrus Cumulonimbus Cumulonimbus (Anvil) Cumulus Cold Front Approaching 13 02/12/2014 Cumulonimbus Precipitating Warm Front Approaching Stacked Lenticular Clouds Crepuscular Rays Nimbostratus Anabatic Winds 14 02/12/2014 Katabatic Winds Lightning Temperature Inversion Lenticular Clouds Foehn Winds 15
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