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Chapter 08
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1
Co 8
Table 8.1
Fig. 8.1
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Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Skull
Occipital bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Mandible
Pectoral
girdle
Clavicle
Clavicle
Scapula
Scapula
Sternum
Thoracic
cage
Humerus
Ribs
Costal cartilages
Vertebral column
Pelvis
Hip bone
Sacrum
Ulna
Coccyx
Radius
Carpus
Metacarpal
bones
Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Metatarsal bones
Tarsus
Phalanges
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
Table 8.2
Fig. 8.2
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Lines
Crest
Sinuses
Foramen
Fovea
Head
Meatus
Crest
Trochanters
Process
Condyle
Spine
Head
Tubercle
Alveolus
Foramen
Tuberosity
(a) Skull (lateral view)
Line
Process
Fossae
Spine
Epicondyles
Fossae
Condyles
(b) Scapula (posterior view)
(c) Femur
(posterior view)
(d) Humerus
(anterior view)
Fig. 8.3
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Frontal bone
Glabella
Coronal suture
Supraorbital
foramen
Parietal bone
Supraorbital
margin
Key
Squamous suture
Ethmoid b.
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Frontal b.
Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid bone
Mandible
Nasal bone
Middle nasal
concha
Inferior nasal
concha
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Nasal b.
Infraorbital foramen
Intermaxillary suture
Parietal b.
Vomer
Sphenoid b.
Temporal b.
Maxilla
Mandible
Vomer
Mental protuberance
Zygomatic b.
Mentalforamen
Fig. 8.4
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Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Temporal lines
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lambdoid suture
Sphenoid bone
Nasal bone
Occipital bone
Lacrimal bone
Squamous suture
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Temporal bone
Infraorbital foramen
Zygomatic process
Zygomatic bone
External acoustic meatus
Maxilla
Mastoid process
Temporal process
Styloid process
Mandible
Mandibular condyle
Mental foramen
(a) Right lateral view
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Sphenoid sinus
Squamous suture
Frontal sinus
Crista galli
Occipital bone
Cribriform plate of
ethmoid bone
Temporal bone
Sella turcica
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid bone
Lambdoid suture
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Nasal bone
Hypoglossal canal
Vomer
Palatine process
of maxilla
Key
Maxilla
Ethmoid b.
Maxilla
Sphenoid b.
Frontal b.
Nasal b.
Temporal b.
Lacrima lb.
Occipital b.
Vomer
Mandible
Parietal b.
Zygomatic b.
Palatine bone
Mandible
Mental spines
(b) Median section
Fig. 8.5
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Incisive foramen
Palatine process
of maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Intermaxillary suture
Zygomatic arch
Palatine bone
Greater palatine foramen
Posterior nasal
aperture
Medial pterygoid plate
Lateral pterygoid plate
Vomer
Sphenoid bone
Foramen ovale
Mandibular fossa
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Basilar part of
occipital bone
Carotid canal
Stylomastoid foramen
Styloid process
External acoustic meatus
Occipital condyle
Mastoid process
Mastoid notch
Temporal bone
Condylar canal
Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Mastoid foramen
Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture
Inferior nuchal line
External occipital
protuberance
Superior nuchal line
Occipital bones
(a) Inferior view
Diploe (spongy bone)
Frontal bone
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Cribriform foramina
Sphenoid bone
Optic canal
Foramen rotundum
Sella turcica
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Temporal bone
Internal acoustic
meatus
Petrous part of
temporal bone
Jugular foramen
Parietal bone
Groove for
venous sinus
Key
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital bone
(b) Superior view of cranial floor
Ethmoid b.
Parietal b.
Frontal b.
Sphenoid b.
Maxilla
Temporal b.
Occipital b.
Vomer
Palatine b.
Zygomatic b.
Fig. 8.6
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Anterior
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture
Sutural bone
Parietal foramen
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Posterior
Fig. 8.7
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Cranial cavity
Ethmoid
air cells
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Orbit
Superior
Zygomatic
bone
Nasal
Middle
conchae
Inferior
Maxilla
Maxillary
sinus
Vomer
Nasal cavity
Mandible
Oral
cavity
Fig. 8.8
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Sphenoid
sinus
Frontal
sinus
Ethmoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
Table 8.3
Fig. 8.9
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Frontal lobe
Anterior cranial
fossa
Temporal lobe
Middle cranial
fossa
Cerebellum
Posterior cranial
fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Anterior cranial fossa
(a) Superior view
(b) Lateral view
Fig. 8.10
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Squamous suture
Squamous part
Mastoid part
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossa
External acoustic
meatus
Tympanic part
Mastoid notch
Mastoid process
Styloid process
(a) Lateral surface
Squamous suture
Squamous part
Petrous part
Zygomatic
process
Internal acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
(b) Medial surface
Fig. 8.11
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Optic canal
Hypophyseal fossa
Lesser wing
Foramen rotundum
Greater wing
Anterior clinoid
process
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Sella turcica
Dorsum sellae
(a) Superior view
Lesser wing
Dorsum sellae
Superior orbital
fissure
Foramen
rotundum
Greater wing
Body
Foramen ovale
Lateral pterygoid plate
Medial pterygoid plate
Pterygoid processes
(b) Posterior view
Fig. 8.12
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Cribriform
plate
Cribriform
foramina
Orbital plate
Crista galli
Superior
nasal concha
Ethmoidal
cells
Middle
nasal concha
Perpendicular
plate
Fig. 8.13
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Key
Ethmoid bone:
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Frontal bone
Cartilage
Maxilla
Ethmoid.b
Nasal b.
Frontal b.
Occipital b.
Inferior nasal concha
Sphenoid b.
Frontal sinus
Cribriform foramina
Nasal bone
Sella turcica
Nasal conchae
Superior
Middle
Sphenoid sinus
Occipital bone
Inferior
Nasal cartilages
Sphenoid bone
Anterior nasal spine
Palatine bone
Incisive foramen
Lacrimal bone
Lip
Maxilla
Incisor
Fig. 8.14
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Supraorbital foramen
Temporal bone
Orbital place of frontal bone
Roof of
orbit
Medial
wall
Lesser wing of sphenoid bone
Zygomatic process
of frontal bone
Optic canal
Greater wing of
sphenoid bone
Orbital plate of ethmoid bone
Orbital surface of
zygomatic bone
Lacrimal bone
Superior orbitalfissure
Frontal process of maxilla
Inferior orbital
fissure
Orbital process of
palatine bone
Floor of
orbit
Infraorbital
foramen
Orbital surface of
maxilla
Key
Ethmoid b.
Lacrimal b.
Sphenoid b.
Frontal b.
Maxilla
Temporal b.
Zygomatic b.
Lateralwall
of orbit
Fig. 8.15
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Mandibular condyles
Condylar process
Coronoid process
Mandibular notch
Mandibular foramen
Ramus
Alveolar process
Mental foramen
Mental protuberance
Angle
Body
Fig. 8.16
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Styloid process
Stylohyoid muscle
Hyoid
Lesser horn
Larynx
Greater horn
Body
Fig. 8.17
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Coronal
suture
Frontal
bone
Parietal bone
Sphenoid
fontanel
Lambdoid
suture
Nasal
bone
Squamous
suture
Maxilla
Occipital bone
Zygomatic
bone
Mastoid
fontanel
Temporal bone
Mandible
Sphenoid
bone
(a) Lateral view
Frontal bone
Anterior fontanel
Sagittal suture
Parietal
bone
Posterior fontanel
(b) Superior view
Fig. 8.18
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Posterior view
Anterior view
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Cervical vertebrae
C7
T1
Thoracic vertebrae
T12
L1
Lumbar vertebrae
L5
S1
Sacrum
S5
Coccyx
Coccyx
Fig. 8.19
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C1
Cervical curvature
C7
T1
Thoracic curvature
T12
L1
Lumbar curvature
L5
S1
Pelvic curvature
Fig. 8.20
Fig. 8.21
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(a) Scoliosis
Key
Normal
Pathological
(b) Kyphosis
(“hunchback”)
(c) Lordosis
(“swayback”)
Fig. 8.22
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Posterior
Spinous process
Lamina
Superior articular
facet
Vertebral
arch
Transverse
process
Pedicle
Vertebral foramen
Body
Anterior
(a) 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2)
Nucleus pulposus
Anulus fibrosus
(b) Intervertebral disc
Herniation of
nucleus pulposus
Crack in
anulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
(c) Herniated disc
Spinal nerve
roots
Spinal nerve
Anulus fibrosus
Fig. 8.23
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Superior articular
process of L1
Transverse
process
Body (centrum)
L2
Lamina
Intervertebral
foramen
Superior vertebral
notch of L2
Intervertebral disc
Inferior articular
process of L2
Superior articular
process of L3
Inferior vertebral
notch of L1
L1
L2
Spinous process
L3
Intervertebral disc
L3
Inferior articular
process of L3
(a) Posterior (dorsal) view
(b) Left lateral view
Fig. 8.24
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Anterior tubercle
Anterior arch
Superior articular
facet
Transverse
foramen
Axis of rotation
Lateral
masses
Dens
Atlas
Posterior arch
Posterior tubercle
(a) Atlas
Transverse
ligament
Dens (odontoid process)
Axis
Pedicle
Superior articular facet
Transverse foramen
Transverse process
Body
Inferior articular process
Lamina
Spinous process
(b) Axis
(c) Atlantoaxial joint
Fig. 8.25
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Superior views
Lateral views
Spinous process
Lamina
Superior articular facet
Transverse foramen
Transverse process
Body
Spinous process
(a) Cervical vertebrae
Spinous process
Lamina
Transverse costal facet
Inferior articular process
Superior articular facet
Transverse process
Superior costal facet
Transverse costal facet
Inferior costal facet
Body
Inferior articular facet
(b) Thoracic vertebrae
Spinous process
Spinous process
Superior articular facet
Superior articular process
Transverse process
Pedicle
Body
(c) Lumbar vertebrae
Spinous process
Inferior articular facet
Fig. 8.26
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Superior articular
process
Sacral canal
Sacral
promontory
Median
sacral crest
S1
Ala
Auricular
surface
S2
Lateral sacral
crest
S3
Posterior sacral
foramina
Transverse lines
Anterior sacral
foramina
S4
S5
Coccyx
Co2
Co3
Co4
Co1
(a) Anterior view
Sacral hiatus
Horn
Transverse
process
Coccyx
(b) Posterior view
Fig. 8.27
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Sternoclavicular joint
Sternum:
Acromioclavicular joint
T1
1
Pectoral girdle:
Clavicle
Scapula
Suprasternal notch
Clavicular notch
Manubrium
2
Angle
3
Body
4
True ribs (1–7)
5
Xiphoid process
6
7
11
8
False ribs (8–12)
Floating ribs
(11–12)
9
10
12
T12
Costal cartilages
L1
Costal margin
Fig. 8.28
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Head
Neck
Tubercle
Shaft
(a) Rib 1
Tubercle
Neck
Head
Superior Inferior
Angle
Articular facet
for transverse
process
Costal groove
Shaft
(b) Ribs 2–10
(c) Ribs 11–12
Articular facets
for vertebral bodies
Fig. 8.29
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Inferior costal
facet of T5
Vertebral
body T5
Superior articular
facet of rib 6
Vertebral
body T6
Inferior articular
facet of rib 6
Superior costal
facet of T6
Rib 6
(a) Anterior view
Superior
articular
facet
Transverse
costal facet
for rib 6
Tubercle
Superior
costal
facet
for rib 6
Neck
T6
(b) Superior view
Head
Rib 6
Table 8.4
Fig. 8.30
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Sternal
end
Acromial
end
Conoid tubercle
(a) Superior view
Conoid tubercle
Sternal
end
Acromial
end
(b) Inferior view
Fig. 8.31
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Superior
border
Suprascapular
notch
Superior angle
Acromion
Acromion
Supraspinous
fossa
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Lateral
angle
Spine
Subscapular
fossa
Infraspinous
fossa
Lateral
border
Medial
border
Inferior angle
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
Fig. 8.32
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Greater
tubercle
Lesser
tubercle
Greater
tubercle
Head
Anatomical
neck
Surgical
neck
Intertubercular
sulcus
Nutrient
foramen
Deltoid
tuberosity
Deltoid
tuberosity
Coronoid
fossa
Radial
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Capitulum
Medial
supracondylar
ridge
(a) Anterior view
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Medial
epicondyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Trochlea
Olecranon
fossa
(b) Posterior view
Fig. 8.33
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Olecranon
Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Radial notch
of ulna
Head of
radius
Coronoid process
Neck of
radius
Ulnar tuberosity
Head of
radius
Neck of
radius
Radial
tuberosity
Ulna
Radius
Interosseous
borders
Interosseous
membrane
Ulnar notch
of radius
Head of ulna
Styloid process
Styloid
process
Styloid
process
Articular facets
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
Fig. 8.34
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Distal phalanx II
Key to carpal bones
Distal row
Middle phalanx II
Proximal row
Proximal phalanx II
IV
Head
Phalanges
III
Distal
phalanx I
II
V
Body
Base
I
Proximal
phalanx I
Head
Metacarpal
bones
Body
First
metacarpal
Base
Carpal
bones
Hamulus of hamate
Hamate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Lunate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Capitate
Scaphoid
Carpal
bones
(a) Anterior view
Lateral
Hamulus
Articulation with triquetrum
Articulation with capitate
(b) Hamate bone
Sesamoid
bone
(c) X-ray of adult hand
C: © NHS Trust/Tony Stone Images/Getty Images
Fig. 8.35
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Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
Base of sacrum
Ilium
Sacroiliac joint
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Pelvic surface
of sacrum
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Pelvic inlet
Spine
Coccyx
Acetabulum
Ischium
Body
Interpubic disc
Ramus
Pubis
Obturator
foramen
Superior ramus
Inferior ramus
Body
Pubic symphysis
(a) Anterosuperior view
Pelvic brim
Pelvic inlet
Key
Greater pelvis
Lesser pelvis
Pelvic outlet
(b) Median section
Fig. 8.36
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Ilium
Ischium
Iliac crest
Pubis
Anterior gluteal
line
Inferior gluteal
line
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior gluteal
line
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Body of ilium
Acetabulum
Superior ramus
of pubis
Ischial spine
Body of pubis
Lesser sciatic notch
Body of ischium
Inferior ramus
of pubis
Ischial tuberosity
Obturator foramen
Ramus of ischium
(a) Lateral view
Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Arcuate line
Auricular surface
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Pectineal line
Location of
pubic symphysis
Obturator foramen
Ramus of ischium
(b) Medial view
Table 8.5
Fig. 8.37
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Male
Female
Narrow greater
sciatic notch
Wide greater
sciatic notch
Tall pubic
symphysis
Short pubic
symphysis
Deep
greater pelvis
Shallow
greater pelvis
Narrow sacrum
Wide sacrum
Triangular
body of pubis
Rectangular
body of pubis
Narrow subpubic angle
Wide subpubic angle
(top, both): © David Hunt/specimens from the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution;
(bottom, both): © L. Bassett/Visuals Unlimited
Fig. 8.38
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fovea capitis
Greater trochanter
Greater trochanter
Head
Neck
Intertrochanteric crest
Intertrochanteric line
Lesser trochanter
Spiral line
Gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera
Shaft
Medial supracondylar line
Lateral supracondylar
line
Popliteal surface
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial condyle
Intercondylar fossa
Patellar surface
Lateral condyle
Base of patella
Articular facets
Apex of patella
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
Fig. 8.39
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Intercondylar eminence
Medial
condyle
Tibial
tuberosity
Proximal tibiofibular
joint
Lateral surface
Lateral condyle
Apex
Head of fibula
Interosseous
membrane
Anterior border
Tibia
Fibula
Distal tibiofibular joint
Medial
malleolus
Lateral malleolus
(a) Anterior view
Lateral malleolus
(b) Posterior view
Fig. 8.40
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Distal phalanx I
Phalanges
Distal
phalanx V
Proximal phalanx I
Middle
phalanx V
Proximal
phalanx V
Metatarsal
I
II
Head
III
Body
IV
IV
II
I
V
V
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Navicular
III
Metatarsal
bones
Base
Cuboid
Talus
Calcaneus
Tarsal bones
Trochlear surface
of talus
Key to tarsal bones
Distal group
Tuberosity of calcaneus
(a) Superior (dorsal) view
(b) Inferior (plantar) view
Proximal group
Fig. 8.41
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Thumb
Future
thumb
Elbow
Knee
Future
Great toe
(a) Seven weeks
Great
toe
(b) Eight weeks
Fig. 8.42
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Fibula Tibia Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Proximal
Metatarsal I phalanx I
Cuneiform Cuboid
Medial
longitudinal arch
Transverse
arch
Lateral
longitudinal
arch
(a) Inferior (plantar) view
(b) X-ray of right foot, lateral view
b: ©Walter Reiter/Phototake
Fig. 8.43a
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(a) Foot
(b) Knee
(c) Gluteal muscles
Chimpanzee
Human
Chimpanzee
Human
Human
Fig. 8.43b
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(d) Pelvis
(e) Vertebral column
(f) Skull
Pivot
Foramen
magnum
Chimpanzee
Chimpanzee
Chimpanzee
Pivot
Human
Human
Foramen
magnum
Human