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BIOLOGY
SPRING FINAL EXAM REVIEW
UNIT 9 -EVOLUTION
CHAPTER 16: DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
16-1: The Puzzle of Life’s Diversity
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Evolution
Theory
Charles Darwin
Voyage of the Beagle
Darwin’s Observations
o Patterns of Diversity
o Living Organisms and Fossils
o Galapagos Islands
 Finches
16-2: Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
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Age of Earth
Changing Earth (Geology)
o James Hutton
o Charles Lyell
 Principles of Geology
Population Growth
o Thomas Malthus
16-3: Darwin Presents His Case
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Alfred Russel Wallace
On the Origin of Species (1859)
Inherited Variation
Artificial Selection
Natural Selection
o Struggle for Existence
o Survival of the Fittest
 Fitness
 Adaptation
Descent With Modification
o Common Descent
Evidences of Evolution
o Fossil Record
o Geographic Distribution (Biogeographical Distribution)
o Comparative Anatomy
 Vestigial Organs
 Analogous Structures
 Homologous Structures
o Similarities in Embryology
Summary of Darwin’s Theory (page 386)
Strengths and Weaknesses of Evolutionary Theory
CHAPTER 17: EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS (POPULATION GENETICS)
17-1: Genes and Variation
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Mendel and Inheritance
Watson and Crick Structure of DNA
Mutations
The “Commonness” of Genetic Variation
Variation and Gene Pools
o Gene Pool
o Relative Frequency
o “Evolution” in Genetic Terms
Sources of Genetic Variation
o Mutations
o Gene Shuffling
17-2: Evolution as Genetic Change
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Evolution vs. Genetic Equilibrium
o Hardy-Weinberg Principle
o Genetic Equilibrium
 Random Mating
 Large Population
 No Movement Into or Out of the Population
 No Mutations
 No Natural Selection
17-3: The Process of Speciation
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Speciation
Isolating Mechanisms
o Reproductive Isolation
o Behavioral Isolation
o Geographic Isolation
o Temporal Isolation
UNIT 10 - THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE
CHAPTER 19: THE HISTORY OF LIFE
The Fossil Record
- Fossil Record
- Extinct
Earth’s Early History
- Formation of Earth
- First Organic Molecules
o Harold Urey
o Stanley Miller
- Life’s Origin
o Formation of RNA
o Formation of DNA
- Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
o Endosymbiotic Theory
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Sexual Reproduction
Multicellularity
CHAPTER 18: CLASSIFICATION
Finding Order in Diversity
- Classification System
- Taxonomy
- Scientific Names
o Carolus Linnaeus
o Binomial Nomenclature
o Genus species
- 8 Levels of Classification
o Domain
o Kingdom
o Phylum
o Class
o Order
o Family
o Genus
o Species
Modern Evolutionary Classification
- Phylogeny
o Evolutionary Classification
- Systematics
o Derived Characters
o Cladogram
Kingdoms and Domains
- The Tree of Life
- Three-Domain System
o Domain Bacteria
 Kingdom Eubacteria
o Domain Archaea
 Kingdom Archaebacteria
o Eukarya
 Kingdom Protista
 Kingdom Fungi
 Kingdom Plantae
 Kingdom Animalia
UNIT 11 - SIMPLE LIFE FORMS
CHAPTER 20: BACTERIA AND VIRUSES
Bacteria
- Prokaryotes
- Size
- Two Domains
o Bacteria
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o Archaea
Two Kingdoms
o Eubacteria
o Archaebacteria
Identifying Bacteria
o Shapes: Bacilli, Cocci, and Spirilla
o Cell Walls
 Peptidoglycan
o Movement
Metabolic Diversity
o Heterotrophs
 Chemoheterotrophs
 Photoheterotrophs
o Autrotrophs
 Photoautotrophs
 Chemoautotrophs
o Releasing Energy
 Obligate Aerobes
 Obligate Anaerobes
 Facultative Anaerobes
Growth and Reproduction
o Binary Fission
o Conjugation
o Spore Formation
 Endospore
Importance of Bacteria
o Decomposers
o Nitrogen Fixers
 Nitrogen Fixation
o E. coli in Intestines
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Viruses
- Viruses
- Structure
o Genome
 DNA
 RNA
o Capsid
o Surface Proteins
o “Bacteriophage”
- Viral Infection
o Lytic
o Lysogenic
- Retrovirus
- Chart on Page 483 Comparing Viruses to Cells
Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses
- Pathogens
- Bacterial Disease in Humans
o Use of Cells as Food
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Releasing Toxins
Preventing Bacterial Disease
 Vaccines
 Antibiotics
o Chart on Page 486 of Diseases Caused by Bacteria
Bacterial Disease in Animals
o Bacillus anthracis
Controlling Bacteria
o Sterilization
o Disinfectants
o Food Storage and Processing
Viral Disease in Humans
o Chart on Page 489
Viral Disease in Animals
Viral Disease in Plants
CHAPTER 21: PROTISTS
The Kingdom Protista
- Protist
- Evolution of Protists
- Classification of Protists
Animallike Protists: Protozoans
- Zooflagellates
- Sarcodines
o Amoeboid Movement
o Food Vacuole
- Ciliates
o Internal Anatomy
 Trichocysts
 Macronucleus
 Micronucleus
 Gullet
 Anal Pore
 Contractile Vacuole
o Conjugation
- Sporozoans
- Animal-like Protists and Disease
o Malaria
o Trypanosoma
o Giardia
- Ecology of Animal-like Protists
Plantlike Protists: Unicellular Algae
- Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments
o Chlorophyll a and b
o Accessory Pigments
- Euglenophytes
o Eyespot
o Pellicle
- Chrysophytes
- Diatoms
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Dinoflagellates
Ecology of Unicellular Algae
o Phytoplankton
o Algal Blooms
Plantlike Protists: Red, Brown, and Green Algae
- Red Algae
- Brown Algae
- Green Algae
o Unicellular Green Algae
o Colonial Green Algae
o Multicellular Green Algae
- Reproduction in Green Algae
o Alternation of Generations
o Reproduction in Chlamydomonas
o Reproduction in Ulva
 Gametophyte
 Spores
 Sporophyte
- Human Uses of Algae
Funguslike Protists
- Slime Molds
- Water Molds
- Ecology of Funguslike Protists
CHAPTER 21: FUNGI
The Kingdom Fungi
- Heterotrophic
- Cell Walls
o Chitin
- Structure and Function of Fungi
o Hyphae
o Mycelium
o Fruiting Body
- Reproduction in Fungi
o Asexual and Sexual
o Sporangia
o Sporangiophores
- Spreading of Fungi
Ecology of Fungi
- Heterotrophism
o Saprobes
- Decomposers
- Parasites
o Plant
o Human
o Other Animals
- Symbiotic Relationships
o Lichens
o
Mycorrhizae
UNIT 12: INVERTEBRATE EVOLUTION
CHAPTER 25: INTRODUCTION TO ANIMALS
Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
- What is an Animal?
o Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic, Lack Cell Walls
o Tissues
 Epithelial
 Muscular
 Connective
 Nervous
o Invertebrates
o Vertebrates
- What Animals Do to Survive?
o Feedback Inhibition
o Feeding
o Respiration
o Circulation
o Excretion
o Response
o Movement
o Reproduction
o Body Symmetry
 Radial Symmetry
 Bilateral Symmetry
o Cephalization
o Body Cavity Formation
CHAPTER 26: ANIMAL EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
Arthropods and Echinoderms
Introduction to the Arthropods
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- What is an Arthropod?
o Segmented Body
o Exoskeleton
 Chitin
o Jointed Appendages
- Evolution of Arthropods
- Form and Function in Arthropods
o Feeding
o Respiration
o Circulation
o Excretion
o Response
o Movement
o Reproduction
- Growth and Development in Arthropods
o
Molting
Groups of Arthropods
- Classified Based on the Number of Body Segments and Appendages
- Crustaceans
o 2 Pairs of Antennae
o 2-3 Body Segments
 Cephalothorax
 Carapace
 Thorax
 Abdomen
o Chewing Mouthparts (Mandibles)
Insects
- What is an Insect?
o Segmented Body
 3 Segments
 Head
 Thorax
 Abdomen
o Exoskeleton
o 3 Pairs of Legs
- Form and Function of Insects
o Responses to Stimuli
 Compound Eyes
 Chemical Receptors
o Adaptations for Feeding
 3 Pairs of Appendages Used as Mouthparts
o Movement and Flight
o Metamorphosis
 Incomplete Metamorphosis
 Nymphs
 Complete Metamorphosis
 Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult
- Insects and Humans
- Insect Communication
o Pheromones
Comparing Invertebrates
Origin of the Invertebrates
- The First Multicellular Animals
- Beginnings of Invertebrate Diversity
o “Cambrian Explosion”
- Invertebrate Phylogeny
- Evolutionary Trends
o Specialized Cells, Tissues, and Organs
o Body Symmetry
 Radial or Bilateral
Form and Function in Invertebrates
- Feeding and Digestion
o Intracellular and Extracellular Digestion
- Respiration
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o Aquatic
o Terrestrial
Circulation
o Open Circulatory System
o Closed Circulatory System
Excretion
o Aquatic
o Terrestrial
Response
o Centralization and Cephalization
o Specialization
Movement and Support
o Exoskeletons
o Endoskeletons
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
o External and Internal Fertilization
UNIT 13: CHORDATE EVOLUTION
CHAPTER 26: Animal Evolution and Diversity
The Chordates
- What is a Chordate?
o Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
o Notochord
o Tail
- Most Chordates are Vertebrates
o Vertebrae
Fishes
- What is a Fish?
o Aquatic
o Paired Fins
o Scales
o Gills
- Evolution of Fishes
o The First Fishes
o The Age of Fishes
o Evolution of Jaws
o Evolution of Paired Fins
o Modern Fishes
- Form and Function In Fishes
o Feeding
o Respiration
o Circulation
 2 Chambered Heart
 Atrium
 Ventricle
o Excretion
o Response
 Bain
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 Lateral Line System
Movement
 Swim Bladder
Reproduction
 Oviparous
 Ovoviviparous
 Viviparous
Class Osteichthyes
 Bony Fish
 Ray-Finned Fish
CHAPTER 27-28: MAMMALS
32-1: Introduction
- What is a Mammal?
o Mammary Glands
o Hair
o Endothermic
- Evolution of Mammals
o Triassic Period 220 million years ago
- Form and Function in Mammals
o Body Temperature Control
 Endothermic
 High Metabolic Rate
 Hair
 Subcutaneous Fat
 Sweat Glands
o Feeding
 Variable Dentition (Teeth)
 Rumen
o Respiration
 Diaphragm
o Circulation
 Four Chambered Heart
o Excretion
o Response
 Cerebral Cortex
o Chemical Controls
 Endocrine Glands
 Hormones
o Fighting Disease
 Immune System
o Movement
o Reproduction
 Internal Fertilization
 Milk
 Extended Parental Care
o Interrelationship of Organ Systems
CHAPTER 27 & 28: COMPARING CHORDATES
Form and Function in Chordates
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Feeding
o Skulls
o Teeth
Respiration
o Gills
o Lungs
 Trachea
 Alveoli
Circulation
o Single Loop Circulation
o Double Loop Circulation
o Heart Chambers
 2, 3, and 4 Chambers
Excretion
o Kidneys
o Ammonia
o Urea
o Uric Acid
Response
o Brain Development
o Cerebrum
o Cerebral Cortex
Movement
o Skeletal System
o Muscle System
Reproduction
o Sexual
o External vs. Internal Fertilization
o Eggs
o Extended Parental Care
UNIT 14 - PLANT BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 22: PLANT DIVERSITY
22-1: Introduction to Plants
- What is a Plant?
- What Plants Need to Survive
o Sunlight
o Water and Minerals
o Gas Exchange
o Movement of Water and Nutrients
- Early Plants
o Origins in the Water
o The First Plants
- Overview of the Plant Kingdom
o Figure 22-7
22-1: Bryophytes
- Characteristics
- Groups of Bryophytes
o Mosses
o Liverworts
o Hornworts
- Life Cycle of Bryophytes
o Dependence on Water
22-2: Seedless Vascular Plants
- Evolution of Vascular Tissue: A Transport System
o Tracheids
o Xylem
o Phloem
- Ferns and Their Relatives
o Roots, Leaves, Veins, and Stems
o Club Mosses
o Horsetails
o Ferns
22-3: Seed Plants
- Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms
- Reproduction Free From Water
o Cones and Flowers
o Pollen
o Seeds
- Evolution of Seed Plants
- Gymnosperms – Cone Bearers
o Conifers
o Ecology of Conifers
22-4: Angiosperms
- Flowers and Fruits
- Diversity of Angiosperms
o Monocots and Dicots
CHAPTER 23: ROOTS, STEMS, AND LEAVES
23-1: Specialized Tissues in Plants
- Seed Plant Structure
o Roots
o Stems
o Leaves
- Plant Tissue Systems
- Vascular Tissue
o Xylem
o Phloem
23-2: Roots
- Types of Roots
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o Taproot
o Fibrous Roots
Root Structure and Growth
o Root Hairs
Root Functions
o Uptake of Nutrients
o Active Transport of Minerals
o Movement Into the Vascular Cylinder
23-3: Stems
- Stem Structure and Function
o Nodes and Internodes
o Buds
- Monocot and Dicot Stems
- Primary Growth of Stems
- Secondary Growth of Stems
23-4: Leaves
- Leaf Structure
o Blades
o Petiole
- Leaf Functions
o Photosynthesis
 Mesophyll
 Stomata
o Transpiration
o Gas Exchange
23-5: Transport in Plants
- Water Transport
o Capillary Action
 Cohesion and Adhesion
o Transpiration
o Controlling Transpiration
o Transpiration and Wilting
- Nutrient Transport
o Functions of Phloem
CHAPTER 24: REPRODUCTION OF SEED PLANTS
24-1: Reproduction with Cones and Flowers
- Structure of Flowers
o Sepals and Petals
o Stamens and Carpels
- Pollination
o Wind
o Animals
o Water
24-2: Seed Development and Germination
- Seed Dispersal
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Dispersal by Animals
Dispersal by Wind and Water
CHAPTER 25: PLANT RESPONSES AND ADAPTATIONS
25-2: Plant Responses
- Tropisms
o Gravitropism
o Phototropism
o Thigmotropism
UNIT 15: HUMAN BIOLOGY
Fetal Pig Dissection
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Digestive System
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Excretory System
Reproductive System