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Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints True / False Questions 1. Poor foot mechanics early in life inevitably leads to foot discomfort in later years, and it is not unusual for individuals to complain of knee, hip, back, and neck pain that stems from the use of improper shoes. True False 2. The Trendelenburg test is an easy and effective way to assess gluteus maximus weakness. True False 3. There are 23 bones in each foot. True False 4. The body weight is transferred from the tibia to the talus and calcaneus. True False 5. The base of the 5th metatarsal is enlarged and prominent to serve as an attachment point for the peroneus brevis and tertius. True False 6. The two muscles that meet at the medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal are the tibialis anterior and peroneus brevis. True False 7. The tibia and fibula form the tibiofibular joint, a syndesmotic amphiarthrodial joint. True False 19-1 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints 8. The muscles in the deep posterior compartment include the tibialis posterior, the extensor digitorum longus, and the extensor hallucis longus. True False 9. The talocrural joint is made up of the talus, the distal tibia, and distal fibula. True False 10. The subtalar and transverse tarsal joints provide flexion and extension for the ankle and foot. True False Multiple Choice Questions 11. The extensor digitorum longus, the extensor hallucis longus, the tibialis anterior, and the peroneus tertius reside in the _______________ compartment. A. posterior B. lateral C. anterior D. deep posterior 12. The Achilles tendon perches on the _______________ bone of the foot. A. talus B. calcaneus C. cuboid D. navicular 19-2 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints 13. The _____________ compartment of the leg houses peroneus longus and peroneus brevis. A. lateral B. anterior C. superficial posterior D. deep posterior 14. There are ___________ metatarsals in the foot. A. 14 B. 5 C. 7 D. 2 15. The gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris are located in the ________________ compartment in the leg. A. deep posterior B. lateral C. anterior D. superficial posterior 16. The muscles of the anterior leg compartment perform ______________. A. plantar flexion B. inversion C. eversion D. dorsiflexion 17. The _____________ originates on the medial and lateral condyles of the femur. A. soleus B. gastrocnemius C. plantaris D. flexor digitorum longus 19-3 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints 18. The gastrocnemius and the ________________ form the triceps surae. A. soleus B. plantaris C. flexor digitorum longus D. tibialis posterior 19. The soleus is a stronger _______________ than the gastrocnemius. A. dorsiflexor B. evertor C. plantar flexor D. invertor 20. The membrane that separates the anterior from the deep posterior compartment in the leg is called the ________________. A. superior retinaculum B. inferior retinaculum C. interosseous membrane D. extensor retinaculum 21. There are __________ phalanges in each foot. A. 5 B. 14 C. 7 D. 10 22. The tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus are located in the _________________ compartment of the leg. A. deep posterior B. superficial posterior C. anterior D. lateral 19-4 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints 23. The tarsal bone located just superior to the 3 cuneiform bones is called the _____________. A. calcaneus B. talus C. navicular D. cuboid 24. The tarsal bone located beneath the 4th and 5th metatarsals is called the ____________ bone. A. cuboid B. talus C. cuneiform D. navicular 25. The peroneus longus and the tibialis anterior have insertions on the _____________ and __________ bones. A. 1st metatarsal; 2nd cuneiform B. 2nd metatarsal; medial cuneiform C. 1st metatarsal; medial cuneiform D. cuboid; 5th metatarsal 26. The tibialis posterior performs ____________ and ______________. A. eversion; dorsiflexion B. inversion; plantar flexion C. dorsiflexion; inversion D. plantar flexion; eversion 27. _______________________ is a combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction (toe-in). A. Pronation B. Inversion C. Eversion D. Supination 19-5 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints 28. ________________________ is a combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction (toe-out). A. Supination B. Pronation C. Inversion D. Eversion 29. The peroneus longus originates on the ________________. A. middle third of the fibula B. medial condyle of the tibia C. head of the fibula D. lateral head of the tibia 30. The flexor digitorum longus originates on the ________________. A. posterior middle third of the tibia B. posterior middle third of the fibula C. anterior tibia medial condyle D. head of the fibula 31. The peroneus brevis inserts on the base of the _______________. A. 1st metatarsal B. 2nd metatarsal C. 3rd metatarsal D. 5th metatarsal 32. The tibialis anterior originates on the _____________________. A. upper two thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia B. head of the fibula C. medial condyle of the tibia D. tibial tuberosity 19-6 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints 33. There are ____________ cuneiform bones in the foot. A. 6 B. 3 C. 2 D. 4 34. The metatarsophalangeal joints are classified as ____________ joints. A. ginglymus B. ball-and-socket C. condyloidal D. arthroidal 35. There are more than _____________ ligaments in the foot binding bone to bone. A. 50 B. 40 C. 80 D. 100 36. The peroneus longus may be stretched by moving the foot into extreme inversion and A. dorsiflexion. B. plantarflexion. C. eversion. D. adduction. 37. A limited ____________ affects gait because push-off after the foot strikes the ground is limited. A. soleus B. tibialis C. gastrocnemius D. peroneal 19-7 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints 38. The tibialis posterior muscle is generally strengthened by A. dorsiflexion against resistance. B. performing heel raises. C. eversion against resistance. D. lunges. 39. This muscle's tendons are isolated by actively taking the four lesser toes into extreme extension while the foot is everted and dorsiflexed. A. Gastrocnemius B. Soleus C. Flexor digitorum longus D. Anterior tibialis 40. Performing towel grabs against resistance is helpful for A. hammer toe. B. heal pain. C. sciatica. D. strengthening foot flexors. 41. 41.To stretch this muscle, the knee must be bent while performing dorsiflexion. A. Tibialis B. Gastrocnemius C. Soleus D. Peroneals 42. This muscle flexes the big toe. A. Flexor hallucis longus B. Peroneus brevis C. Peroneus tertius D. Anterior tibialis 19-8 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints 43. Strengthen the peroneus tertius by pulling the foot up into _______ against a weight or resistance. A. plantar flexion B. dorsiflexion C. supination D. pronation 44. The weighted sock exercise is a great way to strengthen what muscles that acts on the ankle? A. The tibia rotators B. The plantar flexors C. The dorsiflexors D. The toes flexors 45. This muscle is important to strengthen along with the gastrocnemius. A. Peroneus longus B. Tibialis anterior C. Peroneus tertius D. Extensor digitorum longus 46. The extensor digitorum longus may be stretched moving the four lesser toes into full flexion while the foot is A. pronated and dorsiflexed. B. supinated and plantar-flexed. C. inverted and plantar-flexed. D. everted and dorsiflexed. 47. The four dorsiflexors of the foot are called into action when A. running on the track. B. climbing stairs or while hiking. C. doing a lunge. D. sitting in a chair. 19-9 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints 48. The adductor hallucis is the sole adductor of the A. great toe. B. fifth toe. C. second toe. D. entire foot. 49. Eversion and inversion against resistance helps strengthen the A. gastrocnemius. B. ankle. C. knee. D. foot flexors. 50. During the gastrocnemius stretch, to help intensify the stretch, the torso should remain A. rotated and flexed. B. rotated. C. extended. D. flexed. Fill in the Blank Questions 51. Walking and running consist of _________ and _________ phases. ________________________________________ 52. The large bony landmarks at the distal ends of the tibia and fibula are called the ____________________. ________________________________________ 53. In the walking gait cycle when the foot lands on the heel it is called a(n) __________________. ________________________________________ 19-10 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints 54. The movement in the gait cycle when the toe (primarily the first metatarsal) pushes off the ground to advance that particular foot forward is called ___________________. ________________________________________ 55. The _________ phase of the walking gait cycle contains three components: heel-strike, _________, and toe-off. ________________________________________ 56. The two longitudinal arches are called the ________________ and the _______________. ________________________________________ 57. The arch that extends across the foot from one metatarsal bone to the other is called the ________________. ________________________________________ 58. The action of grabbing the sand with your toes is called __________________. ________________________________________ 59. Movement of the toes away from the plantar surface of the foot is called _________. ________________________________________ 60. The _________________ is absent in some humans and contributes minimally to plantar flexion. ________________________________________ 19-11 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints 61. The peroneus tertius assists in ______________ as well as in eversion. ________________________________________ 62. The ____________ when weak has foot drop as it is normally a very strong ___________ as well as invertor. ________________________________________ 63. The exact antagonist for the extensor digitorum longus is the ____________. ________________________________________ 64. The _____________ and ______________ perform plantar flexion and are the most superficial of the calf muscles. ________________________________________ 65. The _____________________ originates on the middle two thirds of the posterior surface of the fibula. ________________________________________ 66. The perfect antagonist to the peroneus longus is __________________ as they actually insert on the same bones and have opposite actions. ________________________________________ 67. The peroneals will _______________ if the client walks on the inside of the foot. ________________________________________ 68. High heels will make the _____________________ shorten over time. ________________________________________ 19-12 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints 69. The muscle that inserts on the plantar surface of the foot on the navicular and cuneiform bones and bases of the 2nd-5th metatarsals is called the ________________. ________________________________________ 70. Curling the toes for too long may cramp the __________________. ________________________________________ 71. The most posterior tendon of the deep posterior compartment muscles as they stack behind the medial malleolus is the _____________. ________________________________________ 72. The muscle that is Greek for fibula is called _________________. ________________________________________ 73. A tight tibialis anterior pulls on the inside of the foot, __________ the peroneus longus, and causes weight to shift to the lateral side of the foot. ________________________________________ 74. The two tendons that pass along the lower edge of the lateral malleolus are the _______________________. ________________________________________ 75. A tight _____________ makes it almost impossible to flex the great toe. ________________________________________ 19-13 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key True / False Questions 1. Poor foot mechanics early in life inevitably leads to foot discomfort in later years, and it is not unusual for individuals to complain of knee, hip, back, and neck pain that stems from the use of improper shoes. TRUE Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-4 2. The Trendelenburg test is an easy and effective way to assess gluteus maximus weakness. FALSE It is a test for gluteus medius weakness. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 3. There are 23 bones in each foot. FALSE There are 26 bones in each foot. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 19-14 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 4. The body weight is transferred from the tibia to the talus and calcaneus. TRUE Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 5. The base of the 5th metatarsal is enlarged and prominent to serve as an attachment point for the peroneus brevis and tertius. TRUE Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 6. The two muscles that meet at the medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal are the tibialis anterior and peroneus brevis. FALSE The peroneus brevis inserts on the base of the 5th metatarsal and the peroneus longus meets the tibialis anterior on the medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 Learning Outcome: 19-3 Learning Outcome: 19-5 7. The tibia and fibula form the tibiofibular joint, a syndesmotic amphiarthrodial joint. TRUE Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 19-15 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 8. The muscles in the deep posterior compartment include the tibialis posterior, the extensor digitorum longus, and the extensor hallucis longus. FALSE The extensor digitorum longus and the extensor hallucis longus belong in the anterior compartment. The flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus are in the deep posterior compartment. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-3 9. The talocrural joint is made up of the talus, the distal tibia, and distal fibula. TRUE Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 10. The subtalar and transverse tarsal joints provide flexion and extension for the ankle and foot. FALSE This joint provides eversion and inversion for the foot and ankle. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 19-16 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key Multiple Choice Questions 11. The extensor digitorum longus, the extensor hallucis longus, the tibialis anterior, and the peroneus tertius reside in the _______________ compartment. A. posterior B. lateral C. anterior D. deep posterior The muscles of the leg reside in specific compartments. The muscles listed are located anteriorly thus are in the anterior compartment. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 Learning Outcome: 19-3 12. The Achilles tendon perches on the _______________ bone of the foot. A. talus B. calcaneus C. cuboid D. navicular The Achilles tendon extends from the gastrocnemius and soleus and inserts on the calcaneus. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 Learning Outcome: 19-3 Learning Outcome: 19-5 19-17 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 13. The _____________ compartment of the leg houses peroneus longus and peroneus brevis. A. lateral B. anterior C. superficial posterior D. deep posterior The muscles of the leg reside in specific compartments. The muscles listed are located laterally and thus are in the lateral compartment. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 Learning Outcome: 19-3 14. There are ___________ metatarsals in the foot. A. 14 B. 5 C. 7 D. 2 Five metatarsals line up with the phalanges of the foot. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 19-18 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 15. The gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris are located in the ________________ compartment in the leg. A. deep posterior B. lateral C. anterior D. superficial posterior The muscles of the leg reside in specific compartments. The muscles listed are located superficially on the posterior leg and thus are in the superficial posterior compartment. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 Learning Outcome: 19-3 16. The muscles of the anterior leg compartment perform ______________. A. plantar flexion B. inversion C. eversion D. dorsiflexion The only action the anterior leg compartment muscles all share is dorsiflexion. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 Learning Outcome: 19-6 19-19 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 17. The _____________ originates on the medial and lateral condyles of the femur. A. soleus B. gastrocnemius C. plantaris D. flexor digitorum longus Only the gastrocnemius attaches to medial and lateral condyles of the femur. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-3 Learning Outcome: 19-5 18. The gastrocnemius and the ________________ form the triceps surae. A. soleus B. plantaris C. flexor digitorum longus D. tibialis posterior The gastrocnemius and the soleus are labeled the triceps surae for their collective three heads. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 19-20 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 19. The soleus is a stronger _______________ than the gastrocnemius. A. dorsiflexor B. evertor C. plantar flexor D. invertor The soleus only job is plantar flexion and does not attach to the femur. It makes it a strong prime mover for plantar flexion. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 Learning Outcome: 19-6 20. The membrane that separates the anterior from the deep posterior compartment in the leg is called the ________________. A. superior retinaculum B. inferior retinaculum C. interosseous membrane D. extensor retinaculum The interosseous membrane is the tissue that separates the tibia from the fibula and divides the compartments. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 Learning Outcome: 19-3 19-21 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 21. There are __________ phalanges in each foot. A. 5 B. 14 C. 7 D. 10 Each toe has three phalanges except the great toe has two; 3 times 4 is 12 and 2 is 14. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 22. The tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus are located in the _________________ compartment of the leg. A. deep posterior B. superficial posterior C. anterior D. lateral Tom, Dick, and Harry are the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus and are located in the deep posterior compartment. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 19-22 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 23. The tarsal bone located just superior to the 3 cuneiform bones is called the _____________. A. calcaneus B. talus C. navicular D. cuboid The navicular bone is nestled in next to the cuneiform bones in the foot. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 24. The tarsal bone located beneath the 4th and 5th metatarsals is called the ____________ bone. A. cuboid B. talus C. cuneiform D. navicular The cuboid bone sits just beneath the 4th and 5th metatarsals. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 19-23 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 25. The peroneus longus and the tibialis anterior have insertions on the _____________ and __________ bones. A. 1st metatarsal; 2nd cuneiform B. 2nd metatarsal; medial cuneiform C. 1st metatarsal; medial cuneiform D. cuboid; 5th metatarsal Coming from separate directions the peroneus longus and the tibialis anterior both insert on the base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform bones. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 Learning Outcome: 19-3 26. The tibialis posterior performs ____________ and ______________. A. eversion; dorsiflexion B. inversion; plantar flexion C. dorsiflexion; inversion D. plantar flexion; eversion The tibialis posterior performs inversion and plantar flexion. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 Learning Outcome: 19-6 19-24 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 27. _______________________ is a combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction (toe-in). A. Pronation B. Inversion C. Eversion D. Supination Supination is a foot movement that combines plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 Learning Outcome: 19-6 28. ________________________ is a combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction (toe-out). A. Supination B. Pronation C. Inversion D. Eversion Pronation is a foot movement that combines ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction (toe-out). Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 Learning Outcome: 19-6 19-25 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 29. The peroneus longus originates on the ________________. A. middle third of the fibula B. medial condyle of the tibia C. head of the fibula D. lateral head of the tibia The head of the fibula is the origin of the peroneus longus. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 Learning Outcome: 19-3 30. The flexor digitorum longus originates on the ________________. A. posterior middle third of the tibia B. posterior middle third of the fibula C. anterior tibia medial condyle D. head of the fibula The posterior middle third of the tibia is the origin of the flexor digitorum longus. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 Learning Outcome: 19-3 19-26 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 31. The peroneus brevis inserts on the base of the _______________. A. 1st metatarsal B. 2nd metatarsal C. 3rd metatarsal D. 5th metatarsal The 5th metatarsal is the insertion of the peroneus brevis. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 Learning Outcome: 19-3 32. The tibialis anterior originates on the _____________________. A. upper two thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia B. head of the fibula C. medial condyle of the tibia D. tibial tuberosity The upper two thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia is the origin of the tibialis anterior. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 Learning Outcome: 19-3 19-27 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 33. There are ____________ cuneiform bones in the foot. A. 6 B. 3 C. 2 D. 4 There are 3 cuneiform bones in the foot. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 34. The metatarsophalangeal joints are classified as ____________ joints. A. ginglymus B. ball-and-socket C. condyloidal D. arthroidal The metatarsophalangeal joints perform flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction and are therefore condyloid-type joints. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 35. There are more than _____________ ligaments in the foot binding bone to bone. A. 50 B. 40 C. 80 D. 100 All 26 bones are connected to each other with ligaments, more than 100 are in the foot. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 19-2 19-28 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 36. The peroneus longus may be stretched by moving the foot into extreme inversion and A. dorsiflexion. B. plantarflexion. C. eversion. D. adduction. Inversion and dorsiflexion are the opposite actions than what the peroneus longus performs and therefore the actions to stretch the muscle. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 19-7 37. A limited ____________ affects gait because push-off after the foot strikes the ground is limited. A. soleus B. tibialis C. gastrocnemius D. peroneal This muscle should be stretched on a daily basis, especially in those who frequently wear high heels or tight-fitting shoes. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-7 38. The tibialis posterior muscle is generally strengthened by A. dorsiflexion against resistance. B. performing heel raises. C. eversion against resistance. D. lunges. This muscle is strengthened by performing inversion exercises against resistance. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-7 19-29 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 39. This muscle's tendons are isolated by actively taking the four lesser toes into extreme extension while the foot is everted and dorsiflexed. A. Gastrocnemius B. Soleus C. Flexor digitorum longus D. Anterior tibialis The main belly of flexor digitorum longus may be stretched by using the gastrocnemius stretch. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-7 40. Performing towel grabs against resistance is helpful for A. hammer toe. B. heal pain. C. sciatica. D. strengthening foot flexors. This exercise also strengthens the flexor digitorum longus. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-7 19-30 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 41. 41.To stretch this muscle, the knee must be bent while performing dorsiflexion. A. Tibialis B. Gastrocnemius C. Soleus D. Peroneals Anterior to the heads of the gastrocnemius lies the soleus, a large flat muscle that covers the tibia and fibula. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-7 42. This muscle flexes the big toe. A. Flexor hallucis longus B. Peroneus brevis C. Peroneus tertius D. Anterior tibialis Pulling from the underside of the great toe, the flexor hallucis longus muscle may work independently of the flexor digitorum longus muscle or in conjunction with it. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 19-7 19-31 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 43. Strengthen the peroneus tertius by pulling the foot up into _______ against a weight or resistance. A. plantar flexion B. dorsiflexion C. supination D. pronation The peroneus tertius, absent in some humans, is a small muscle that assists in dorsal flexion and eversion. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-7 44. The weighted sock exercise is a great way to strengthen what muscles that acts on the ankle? A. The tibia rotators B. The plantar flexors C. The dorsiflexors D. The toes flexors Dorsiflexion against resistance challenges the many muscles that act on the foot to produce dorsiflexion. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-7 19-32 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 45. This muscle is important to strengthen along with the gastrocnemius. A. Peroneus longus B. Tibialis anterior C. Peroneus tertius D. Extensor digitorum longus The anterior tibialis should always be strengthened along with the gastrocnemius, as the more powerfully developed calf muscle can exhaust the dorsiflexors. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-7 46. The extensor digitorum longus may be stretched moving the four lesser toes into full flexion while the foot is A. pronated and dorsiflexed. B. supinated and plantar-flexed. C. inverted and plantar-flexed. D. everted and dorsiflexed. Pressure is applied to the top of the toes as the flexion occurs, stretching the attachments of the extensor tendons. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-7 47. The four dorsiflexors of the foot are called into action when A. running on the track. B. climbing stairs or while hiking. C. doing a lunge. D. sitting in a chair. Dorsiflexion is an important movement; its strength should be balanced with the flexors. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-7 19-33 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 48. The adductor hallucis is the sole adductor of the A. great toe. B. fifth toe. C. second toe. D. entire foot. Four muscles act on the great toe. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-7 49. Eversion and inversion against resistance helps strengthen the A. gastrocnemius. B. ankle. C. knee. D. foot flexors. Keeping the ankle stable helps avoid ankle strains. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-6 Learning Outcome: 19-7 50. During the gastrocnemius stretch, to help intensify the stretch, the torso should remain A. rotated and flexed. B. rotated. C. extended. D. flexed. A limited gastrocnemius affects gait because push-off after the foot strikes the ground is limited. Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 19-7 19-34 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key Fill in the Blank Questions 51. Walking and running consist of _________ and _________ phases. stance; swing Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 19-1 52. The large bony landmarks at the distal ends of the tibia and fibula are called the ____________________. malleoli Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 19-1 53. In the walking gait cycle when the foot lands on the heel it is called a(n) __________________. heel-strike Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 19-1 54. The movement in the gait cycle when the toe (primarily the first metatarsal) pushes off the ground to advance that particular foot forward is called ___________________. toe-off Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 19-1 19-35 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 55. The _________ phase of the walking gait cycle contains three components: heel-strike, _________, and toe-off. stance; midstance Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 19-1 56. The two longitudinal arches are called the ________________ and the _______________. medial longitudinal arch; lateral longitudinal arch Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 57. The arch that extends across the foot from one metatarsal bone to the other is called the ________________. transverse arch Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 58. The action of grabbing the sand with your toes is called __________________. toe flexion Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 19-36 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 59. Movement of the toes away from the plantar surface of the foot is called _________. toe extension Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 60. The _________________ is absent in some humans and contributes minimally to plantar flexion. plantaris Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 61. The peroneus tertius assists in ______________ as well as in eversion. dorsiflexion Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 62. The ____________ when weak has foot drop as it is normally a very strong ___________ as well as invertor. tibialis anterior; dorsiflexion Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 Learning Outcome: 19-6 19-37 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 63. The exact antagonist for the extensor digitorum longus is the ____________. flexor digitorum longus Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 Learning Outcome: 19-6 64. The _____________ and ______________ perform plantar flexion and are the most superficial of the calf muscles. gastrocnemius; soleus Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 Learning Outcome: 19-6 65. The _____________________ originates on the middle two thirds of the posterior surface of the fibula. flexor hallucis longus Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-3 Learning Outcome: 19-5 19-38 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 66. The perfect antagonist to the peroneus longus is __________________ as they actually insert on the same bones and have opposite actions. tibialis anterior Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-3 Learning Outcome: 19-4 Learning Outcome: 19-5 Learning Outcome: 19-6 67. The peroneals will _______________ if the client walks on the inside of the foot. shorten Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Hard Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 Learning Outcome: 19-6 68. High heels will make the _____________________ shorten over time. posterior calf muscles, gastrocnemius, and soleus Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Hard Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 Learning Outcome: 19-6 19-39 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 69. The muscle that inserts on the plantar surface of the foot on the navicular and cuneiform bones and bases of the 2nd-5th metatarsals is called the ________________. tibialis posterior Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Hard Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 Learning Outcome: 19-3 Learning Outcome: 19-5 70. Curling the toes for too long may cramp the __________________. flexor digitorum longus Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 71. The most posterior tendon of the deep posterior compartment muscles as they stack behind the medial malleolus is the _____________. flexor hallucis longus Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-5 72. The muscle that is Greek for fibula is called _________________. peroneus (longus, brevis, or tertius) Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 19-40 Chapter 019 The Ankle and Foot Joints Key 73. A tight tibialis anterior pulls on the inside of the foot, __________ the peroneus longus, and causes weight to shift to the lateral side of the foot. lengthens Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Hard Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-2 Learning Outcome: 19-4 Learning Outcome: 19-5 Learning Outcome: 19-6 74. The two tendons that pass along the lower edge of the lateral malleolus are the _______________________. peroneus longus and brevis Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-3 Learning Outcome: 19-5 75. A tight _____________ makes it almost impossible to flex the great toe. extensor hallucis longus Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 19-1 Learning Outcome: 19-4 Learning Outcome: 19-6 19-41