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BIO 137
HUMAN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 5: HISTOLOGY
Histology:
The Microscopic Study of Tissues
A tissue is a group of similar cells
(usually organized into a layer or
layers), which performs a common
function.
 Four adult human tissues:

– Epithelium (ET) covers and lines;
– Connective Tissue (CT) provides support;
– Muscle Tissue (MT) allows for movement;
– Nervous Tissue (NT) controls.
Mary Catherine Flath, Ph.D.
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Tissues are formed from
Three Embryonic Germ Layers
Ectoderm=
ET & NT;
ECTODERM gives rise to the epidermis
(ET) and the central nervous system
organs (NT)
 ENDODERM gives rise to the lining of
the digestive tract (ET)
 MESODERM gives rise to the ventral
organs, bones (CT), muscles (MT), and
the lining and coverings (ET)

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Extracellular Fluid


Surrounds all body cells
Two types:
– Interstitial Fluid
– Plasma

Functions:
– Allows solutes to be dissolved
– Allows for transport between cells
– Provides site for chemical reactions to occur
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Endoderm
= ET;
Mesoderm
= CT, MT,
& ET
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Tissues may exhibit
Cellular Junctions (page 153 in text)

Desmosomes hold adjacent cells
together

Tight junctions prevent intercellular
leakage

Gap junctions allow for communication
between cells.
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 5.1
Cell membrane
Epithelial Characteristics

Tight junction

Cell membrane

Desmosome

Cell membrane

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

Gap junction
Cellular
– All cells, little intercellular material
Polar
– Top, apical layer
– Bottom, basal layer
Apical modifications
– Cilia
– Microvilli
Cell junctions
– Desmosomes
– Tight Junctions
Basement membranes
Avascular
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Typical Epithelial Layer
Typical Epithelial Layer
Lumen (or outside)
Characteristics
Locations
1. Cellular
2. Polar with
a. Apical layer
opening onto lumen
(or outside) and
b. Basal layer
anchored to
underlying CT
through
3. Basement
Membrane
4. Apical
Modifications: Cilia
or Microvilli
5. Junctions:
Desmosomes and/or
Tight Junctions.
6. Avascular; but
high regeneration
capacity
1. Covers
a. Body = Epidermis
b. Ventral Organs =
Visceral Serous
Membranes
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lines
Capillaries and
air sacs
Ventral Body
Cavities= Parietal
Serous
Membranes
Ducts of exocrine
glands and
kidney tubules
Passageways =
digestive tract,
respiratory tract,
urinary tract, etc.
Characteristics
1.
Locations
1.
a.
2.
b.
3.
4.
2.
a.
5.
b.
6.
c.
d.
Underlying Connective Tissue
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Typical Epithelial Layer
Lumen (or outside)
Characteristics
Locations
1. Cellular
2. Polar with
a. Apical layer
opening onto lumen
(or outside) and
b. Basal layer
anchored to
underlying CT
through
3. Basement
Membrane
4. Apical
Modifications: Cilia
or Microvilli
5. Junctions:
Desmosomes and/or
Tight Junctions.
6. Avascular; but
high regeneration
capacity
1. Covers
a. Body = Epidermis
b. Ventral Organs =
Visceral Serous
Membranes
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lines
Capillaries and
air sacs
Ventral Body
Cavities= Parietal
Serous
Membranes
Ducts of exocrine
glands and
kidney tubules
Passageways =
digestive tract,
respiratory tract,
urinary tract, etc.
Classification of ETs

Number of Layers
– Simple
– Stratified

Shape of Cells
– Squamous
– Cuboidal
– Columnar
Underlying Connective Tissue
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
2
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Simple Squamous Epithelium
A single layer of flattened cells
Locations:
– Lining air sacs (in lungs)
– Lining capillaries
 Function:
– Adapted for diffusion
(exchange of gases, nutrients,
wastes)


Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
THYROID GLAND
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
A single layer of cube-shaped
cells with large prominent nuclei
 Locations:
– Glands (*)
– Lining kidney tubules
 Functions:
– Secretion (*only function)
– Absorption

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
Simple Columnar Epithelium




Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
A single layer of elongated cells,
whose nuclei are located near the
basement membrane
Surface Modifications:
– Goblet cells
– Microvilli
Location: Lining intestine
Function:
– Protection
– Absorption
– Secretion
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
3
SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET:
DUODENUM~LOW POWER~
INTESTINAL
VILLI
SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Fig. 5.5
SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET:
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
DUODENUM ~OIL IMMERSION~
GOBLET CELLS IN SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET
© Fawcett, Hirokawa, Heuser/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium




A single layer of elongated cells whose
nuclei are dispersed throughout the
cytoplasm
Surface modifications:
– Cilia
– Goblet cells
Location: Lining of trachea
Functions:
– Secretion
– Protection
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
4
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Many layers of flattened cells
Locations:
– Epidermis (if keratin is present)
– Openings of mucous
membranes; no keratin (i.e.
mouth, throat, anus, vagina)
 Function: Protection


Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
TRANSITIONAL ET: URETER ~LOW POWER~
Transitional Epithelium
Many layers of cells that change
shape due to pressure
 Locations:
– Lining of Urinary bladder
– Lining of Ureters
 Function:
– distensibility

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
TRANSITIONAL ET
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
5
Glandular Epithelium
Lines the ducts of exocrine glands
Usually simple cuboidal epithelium
 Function: secretion
 Classifications: by type of secretion
– Merocrine
– Apocrine
– Holocrine


Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Fig. 5.12
Summary of Epithelial
Tissue Locations
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Intact
cell
Pinched off
portion of cell
(secretion)
Secretion
Disintegrating cell
and its contents
(secretion)
New cell
forming by
mitosis and
cytokinesis
(a) Merocrine gland
(b) Apocrine gland
(c) Holocrine gland
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
6
Provide the location of each
epithelium (ET).



Simple Squamous ET
Simple Cuboidal ET
Simple Columnar ET

Pseudostratified
Columnar ET
Stratified Squamous ET

Transitional ET


____________________

____________________
____________________

Key of location of epithelia (ET).

Simple Squamous ET


Simple Cuboidal ET




Simple Columnar ET
Pseudostratified
Columnar ET
Stratified Squamous ET

Transitional ET



____________________

____________________

____________________
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath


Lining air sacs and
capillaries
Lining kidney tubules
and ducts of glands
Lining Intestine
Lining Trachea
Epidermis/mouth/throat
anus and vagina
Lining ureter and
urinary bladder
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Provide the function of each
epithelium (ET).
Summary of Epithelial
Tissue Functions

Simple Squamous ET

Simple Cuboidal ET
Simple Columnar ET


Pseudostratified
Columnar ET
Stratified Squamous ET

Transitional ET


__________________


___________________
___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Key to function of epithelia (ET)
Simple Squamous ET

Exchange/diffusion
Simple Cuboidal ET
Simple Columnar ET



Pseudostratified
Columnar ET
Stratified Squamous ET
Absorption/secretion
Protection/absorption/
secretion
Protection/secretion

Protection

Transitional ET

Distensibility





Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath

A tumor arising from
epithelium is called a
CARCINOMA
Carcinomas are considered malignant if
they invade the tissue below the basement
membrane
7
Connective Tissues: Characteristics
 All
arise from mesenchyme
 Vary in structural components:
– Cells
– Matrix Components:
Fibers
Ground substance
 Vary in vascularity
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Cells in Connective Tissues
Fibroblast (in CT proper)
White blood cells
– Macrophages
– Mast cells
 Primary Cells
– Osteocytes
– Chondrocytes


Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
CT Matrix Components

Fibers
– Collagen (stain pink)
– Elastic (stain purple)
– Reticular (collagenous fibers)

Ground Substance
– Amorphous material that fills
spaces between cells and fibers
– Acts as molecular sieve (passage of
nutrients)
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Loose Connective Tissues
Loose Areolar Connective Tissue

Cells: Fibroblasts
Fibers:
– Collagen (stained pink)
– Elastic (stained purple)
Ground Substance
Location: beneath epithelium

Functions: soppy tissue that

 Loose
Areolar CT
 Adipose
Tissue


– As epithelial membranes
 Reticular Tissue
lubricates & nourishes
epithelial tissue;
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
– Cushioning
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
8
Loose Areolar Connective Tissue
LOOSE AREOLAR CT~HIGH POWER~
FIBROBLAST
ELASTIC FIBERS
GROUND
SUBSTANCE
COLLAGEN
FIBERS
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Adipose Tissue



Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Cells: Adipocytes filled with fat
globules
Locations:
– Subcutaneous layer
– Breasts
– Around kidneys and eyeballs
Functions:
– Energy Store
– Protection
– Cushioning
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
ADIPOSE TISSUE
Reticular Connective Tissue
Fine network of reticular
fibers
 Locations:
– Basement membranes
– Lymphatic organs
 Functions:
– Attachment/support

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
9
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Dense Connective Tissues


Dense Regular CT (White fibrous
CT)
Dense Irregular CT
– Dermis (discussed in Chapter 6)

Elastic CT
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
DENSE REGULAR CT ~LOW POWER~
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Matrix of collagen fibers
Locations:
– Tendons
– Ligaments
 Function:
– Attachment/ High tensile
strength
 Lacks direct blood supply


Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
DENSE REGULAR CT ~HIGH POWER~
COLLAGEN FIBERS
NUCLEI OF
FIBROBLASTS
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
10
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Randomly arranged collagen fibers
(in whorled patterns)
 Location: Dermis of Skin
– (discussed in Chapter 6)
 Functions: provides high tensile
strength

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE
IRREGULAR
CT
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Elastic Connective Tissue
Matrix of elastic fibers
Locations:
– Wall of aorta
– Lung tissue
 Function:
– Durability with stretch


Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
11
Cartilages
 Hyaline
 Elastic
Hyaline Cartilage
Cells: Chondrocytes (in lacunae)
Matrix: Chondroitin sulfate and
glucosamine in amorphous mix
 Locations:
– Wall of trachea and larynx
– Embryonic Skeleton
 Function: Support
 No direct blood supply

Cartilage

Cartilage
 Fibrocartilage
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
HYALINE CARTILAGE~LOW POWER~
HYALINE CARTILAGE ~HIGH POWER~
CHONDROCYTES IN LACUNAE
CHONDROCYTES IN LACUNAE
MATRIX of Glucosamine and
Chondroitin Sulfate
MATRIX
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
HYALINE CARTILAGE
Elastic Cartilage
Chondrocytes surrounded by matrix
filled with elastic fibers
 Locations:
– Auricle or Pinna of External Ear
– Epiglottis
 Function:
– Flexibility with maintenance of
shape

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
12
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Fibrocartilage
Chondrocytes in jelly-like collagen
filled matrix
 Locations:
– Intervertebral discs
– Symphysis pubis
 Functions:
– Cushions (acts as a shock
absorber)
– Allows for slight movement

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
FIBROCARTILAGE
Blood
 Erythrocytes, leukocytes,
and
thrombocytes in matrix of
plasma
 Location: within heart and
blood vessels
 Function: transport
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
13
HUMAN BLOOD SMEAR
HUMAN BLOOD SMEAR
RED BLOOD CELLS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
HUMAN BLOOD SMEAR
Bone (compact)



Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
COMPACT BONE~LOW POWER~
Osteocytes (in lacunae) surrounded by
matrix of calcium phosphate and
collagen
Location: skeleton
Functions:
– Support
– Protection
– Movement
– Hematopoiesis
– Calcium (mineral) Store
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
COMPACT BONE~HIGH POWER~
OSTEOCYTES IN LACUNAE
MATRIX OF
CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE
AND COLLAGEN
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
14
COMPACT BONE
Fig. 5.26d
(c)
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Summary of Connective
Tissue Locations
Provide the location for each
connective tissue (CT)









loose areolar CT
adipose
blood
bone
elastic cartilage
dense regular CT
dense irregular CT
fibrocartilage
hyaline cartilage









___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Provide the function for each
connective tissue (CT)
Key for locations of CTs










loose areolar CT
adipose
blood
bone
elastic cartilage
dense regular CT
dense irregular
CT
fibrocartilage
hyaline cartilage
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath









Beneath epithelium
Subcutaneous layer, breasts,
Within blood vessels
Skeleton
External ear
Ligaments and Tendons
dermis
Intervertebral discs
Wall of larynx, wall of trachea,
embryonic skeleton, ends of long
bones, etc








loose areolar CT
adipose
blood
bone
elastic cartilage
dense regular CT
dense irregular CT
fibrocartilage
hyaline cartilage









___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
15
Key to functions of each CT




loose areolar CT
adipose
blood
bone

elastic cartilage
dense regular CT
dense irregular
CT
Fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage




Nourishes ET and cushions

Energy store, protection, cushioning

Transport
Protection, support, movement,
hematopoiesis, mineral store
Maintenance of shape w flexibility
Attachment, high tensile strength
Attachment, high tensile strength






Shock absorber and limited
movement
Support
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Epithelial Membranes
 An
epithelial membrane
consists of a layer of epithelium
that lies over a layer of
connective tissue (ET/CT)
 Three types:
– Serous
– Mucous
– Cutaneous
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Serous Membranes
Simple squamous ET over loose areolar
CT
 Location: Ventral Body Cavity
– Covering organs as visceral
membranes
– Lining cavities as parietal membranes
 Functions:

– Secretion
– Lubrication
– Cushioning
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Ventral Cavity
– Thoracic Cavity
 Lungs
 Mediastinum
– Heart, Trachea, Esophagus, Thymus
– Abdominopelvic Cavity
 Abdominal Cavity
– Liver, Gallbladder, Stomach, Pancreas, Spleen,
Small intestine, Large Intestine
 Pelvic Cavity
– Internal Reproductive Organs, Bladder, Anus
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Serous Membranes =
SSET OVER LACT
Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes Abdominopelvic
•Visceral pleura
Membranes
•Parietal pleura
•Visceral peritoneum
•Visceral
•Parietal peritoneum
pericardium
•Parietal
pericardium
1-13
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
16
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.11
Plane of
section
s
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.12
Spinal cord
Plane of
section
Vertebra
Right kidney
Left
kidney
Aorta
Inferior
vena cava
Pancreas
Spleen
Small intestine
Large
intestine
Liver
Large intestine
Rib
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Costal cartilage
Visceral peritoneum
Stomach
Peritoneal cavity
Anterior
Parietal peritoneum
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Mucous Membranes


ET varies according to location over loose
areolar CT
Location: lining passageways that open to the
outside
– Moist, mucous covered membranes (goblet
cells)



Digestive tract (Simple Columnar ET)
Urinary tract (Transitional ET)
Functions:
– Secretion
– Protection
– Lubrication
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Cutaneous Membrane
 Stratified squamous
ET over dense
irregular CT
 Location: Skin
 Function: Protection and Strength
 Will
be studied in Chapter 6
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
17
Epithelial Membrane Summary
SEROUS
MUCOUS
CUTANEOUS
ET/CT
LOCATIONS
SPECIFIC
EXAMPLES
FUNCTIONS
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Epithelial Membrane Summary
SEROUS
MUCOUS
CUTANEOUS
ET/CT
Simple Squamous ET
over Loose Areolar CT
ET varies by location;
CT = Loose Areolar CT
Stratified Squamous
ET over Dense
Irregular CT
LOCATIONS
Ventral Body Cavity:
Visceral membrane
covers organ; Parietal
membrane lines cavity
Passageways that open to Skin
the outside
SPECIFIC
EXAMPLES
Pericardial; Pleural;
and Peritoneal
Digestive Tract
(Intestine: Simple
Columnar ET), Urinary
Tract (Bladder:
Transitional ET),
Trachea: PSCET
Epidermis over
Dermis
FUNCTIONS
Secretion, Lubrication,
Cushioning
Secretion, Lubrication,
Protection
Protection and
Strength
Muscle Tissues
Long, thin fibers that shorten and
contract allowing for movement
 Three types:

– Skeletal muscle
– Smooth muscle
– Cardiac muscle

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Will be studied in greater detail during
the muscular system
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
NERVOUS TISSUE ~HIGH POWER~
Nervous Tissue
NEUROGLIAL CELLS
Neurons (nerve cells) with multiple
extensions surrounded by (neuroglial
cells).
 Locations:
– Brain and spinal cord (CNS)
– Nerves (PNS)
 Function: Integration of all body parts
 No reproduction of cells.

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
NEURON
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
18
NERVOUS TISSUE
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
19