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Lesson 2 Classifying Life
Classification is the science of organizing categories for living things. When people classify organisms or
things, they group them according to similarities. Think of some things you classify every day.
Organisms are classified into 6 major groups or kingdoms. The kingdoms are the broadest, or largest,
groups organisms are classified. After being classified into a kingdom, organisms are then put into
smaller and smaller subgroups. The narrowest group is called species.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
You can remember the order with this saying: King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
Animal Kingdom:
All animals are multicellular. Animals cannot make their own food. Most animals are capable of
moving from place to place. Then animal kingdom is the largest kingdom and can be divided
into two groups: vertebrates and invertebrates.
Vertebrates are animals with backbones. (humans, dogs, fish, birds)
Invertebrates are animals without backbones. (jellyfish, dragonfly, sea urchins, spiders, clams,
snails)
Plant Kingdom:
All plants are multicellular. Plants make their own food and cannot move from place to place.
Plant cells have cell walls to give them structure.
Plants can also be divided into two groups: vascular and nonvascular
Vascular plants have tubes or vessels that transport nutrients from the roots to the leaves.
Nonvascular plants have no tubes and must transport nutrients from cell to cell.
Which would be faster? Which type of plant would probably be larger?
Vascular plants include trees, ferns, and flowering plants. Nonvascular plants include moss,
hornwarts, and liverwarts.
Fungus Kingdom:
Fungi cells also have cell walls. Mushrooms, yeast, and mold are all fungi. Fungi usually get their
food by breaking down dead or decaying organisms. Fungi like to live in dark, damp places and
can be helpful or harmful.
Bacteria and Archaea:
Both are unicellular and have no nucleus. These organisms are found everywhere. Bacteria and
archaea can cause disease or infections (food poisoning and strep throat) while others can be
helpful. Cows have to have archaea in their stomachs to help digest grass. We even need
bacteria in our intestines to break down food.
Protists:
Protists are unicellular but are much larger than bacteria and have a nucleus. Algae and
amoebas are examples of protists. Some protists have chlorophyll to help make food and are
plantlike. Other protists can be animal like or fungus like.
Viruses
Viruses are not classified into one of the six kingdoms because they are not believed to be alive.
They are smaller than bacterial cells. Not all viruses are harmful. Colds, chicken pox, and HIVAIDS are all caused by viruses. Viruses attaches themselves to a cell and then take it over,
forcing it to make more.
Lesson 3 Classifying Animals
Simple invertebrates:
Sponges
Sponges have no true organization inside. They are asymmetrical in
that their body cannot be divided into mirror images. (no lines of
symmetry) Their body is arranged around a single canal that is filled
with tiny holes.
Cnidarians
Cnidarians include jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. They have
radial symmetry in that their body parts are arranged around a
central point. They can have many lines of symmetry.
Worms
Worms have bilateral symmetry. They can be divided along only
one plane of their body to produce two mirror images. Flatworms
are flat and have only one opening, their mouth. Roundworms
often live inside other animals. Segmented worms can be divided
into segments and are more complex than other worms.
Complex vertebrates
Mollusks
All mollusks have a boot or tentacles and have bilateral symmetry
and gills.
Echinoderms
Have a skeleton inside their body (endoskeleton). Usually have
radial symmetry and small suction cups to cling to surfaces.
Arthropods
Spiders, crabs and insects are arthropods. They have a skeleton on
the outside of their body called an exoskeleton. They have bilateral
symmetry.
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fish
Vertebrates:
Jawless fish
Have no true backbone, only a nerve cord. They have no jaws and must suck in their
food. (Lamprey, hagfish)
Cartilaginous Fish
Their skeletons are made of cartilage instead of bone. They have fins and jaws. (sharks,
rays)
Bony fish
Have bones, jaws and fins. They also have a swim bladder that allows them to go up and
down in the water. (Swordfish, tuna, clownfish)
Amphibians include frogs, toads, and salamanders. They are cold blooded and spend
part of their life in water and part on land.
Reptiles live on land and have a thick, scaly, waterproof skin. They are cold blooded and
use the sun to heat themselves. (lizards, snakes, turtles, alligators)
Birds have only 2 legs and their bones are hollow to reduce their weight. They have
feathers to help with flying and insulation. Birds are warm blooded and lay eggs.
Characteristics of mammals: milk, hair, large brains, warm blooded
Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs. (duckbilled platypus, spiny anteater)
Marsupials are mammals with pouches. They young continue to develop in the pouch.
(kangaroo, koala, opossum)
Placental mammals are mammals that develop inside their mothers. (humans, tigers,
elephants, whales)
Lesson 4 Animal Systems
Skeletal System:
The skeletal system is made of bones, tendons, and ligaments.
Bones have 2 main functions: Protect organs (ribs, skull) and provide framework for your body.
Tendons connect muscles to bones. Ligaments link bones to bones.
Muscular System:
The muscular system allows your body to move.
Muscles work in pairs to move bones. When one muscle contracts, another muscle relaxes.
Digestive System:
The digestive system is a set of organs that break down food so it can be absorbed into the
blood stream.
1. Human digestion begins in the mouth.
2. Food is chewed and mixed with saliva then passed down the esophagus to the stomach.
Acid in the stomach breaks down food.
3. Food then goes into the small intestines. Digestive juices produced in the liver and
pancreas combine with the food in the small intestine. Nutrients is absorbed from food
in the small intestine through villi which take the nutrients to the blood.
4. Food that is not digested is taken into the large intestine where water is absorbed.
5. Anything left leaves the body as waste.
Excretory System:
The excretory system removes wastes from the body.
Sweat is a form of waste. The liver filters nitrogen from the blood turning it into urea. The
kidneys filter the urea and other waste from the blood. The waste is sent to the bladder and
leaves the body through the urethra.
Respiratory System:
The respiratory system and the circulatory system work together to get oxygen and food to
cells.
The respiratory system consists of the lungs and passageways that lead to the lungs.
As you breathe in, air enters your nose or mouth and travels through the trachea to two smaller
tubes called bronchi. Each bronchi leads to a lung. Air empties into air sacks called alveoli. The
alveoli are so thin, oxygen passes through into the blood and carbon dioxide pass through into
the lungs. Caron dioxide is then breathed out.
Circulatory System:
The circulatory system consists of the heart, arteries, vessels, and capillaries.
Circulation begins as oxygen-poor blood is pumped to the lungs. The lungs exchange the
carbon dioxide for oxygen making the blood oxygen-rich. Oxygen-rich blood flows back to the
heart and is pumped around the body. When blood reaches the small intestine, it picks up
nutrients.
Nervous System:
The nervous system works with other body systems to help organisms respond to stimuli.
The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs.
When you touch something, impulses are sent to neurons that transmit an impulse to motor
neurons. Motor neurons transmit an impulse to your muscles that pull your finger away.