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CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments
PARTI M A T T E R A N D
i
xiii
xvii
REACTIONS
1 Properties, Measurements, and Units
T h e Properties of Substances
1.1 Physical and chemical properties
1.2 Substances and mixtures
Measurements and Units
1.3 The International System of Units
BOX 1.1 Units of Measurement
J o h n W. Lyons
1.4 Extensive and intensive properties
Using Measurements
1.5 Conversion factors
1.6 The reliability of measurements
and calculations
1.7 Significant figures in calculations
1.8 Mass percentage composition
Exercises
CASE 1 Processing an Ore:
A Physical Separation
The Composition of Matter
Elements
2.1 The names and symbols of
the elements
2.2 The periodic table
Atoms
BOX 2.1 T h e Scanning Tunneling
Microscope, C. F. Quate
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2
2
5
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16
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19
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2.3 The nuclear atom
2.4 The masses of atoms
BOX 2.2 Mass Spectrometry
X 2.5 Moles and molar mass
Compounds
\ 2.6 Molecules and molecular compounds
2.7 Ions and ionic compounds
2.8 Chemical nomenclature
Exercises
CASE 2 What Does 18-18-5 Mean?
3 - Chemical Reactions
Chemical Equations
3.1 Symbolizing reactions
3.2 Balancing equations
Precipitation Reactions
3.3 Net ionic equations
3.4 Using precipitation reactions
in chemistry
Acid-Base Reactions
3.5 Arrhenius acids and bases
3.6
Neutralization
3.7 The Brönsted definitions
Redox Reactions
3.8 Electron transfer
BOX 3.1 Redox Reactions
in Photography
3.9 The activity series
3.10 Balancing reactions by using
half-reactions
Exercises
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111
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118
CAS E3
From River Water to
Drinking Water
Reaction Stoichiometry
Interpreting Stoichiometric
Coefficients
4.1 Mole calculations
4.2 Limiting reactants
4.3 Chemical composition from
measurements of mass
T h e Stoichiometry of Reactions
in Solution
4.4 Molar concentration
4.5 The volume of solution required
for reaction
4.6 Titrations
Exercises
CASE 4 ' Acid Indigestion
and Antacids
127
The Properties of Gases
BOX 5.1 T h e Atmosphere
T h e Gas Laws
5.1 Pressure
5.2 The ideal gas
5.3 Using the ideal gas law
T h e Stoichiometry of Reacting Gases
5.4 Gas volumes and reaction
stoichiometry
5.5 Gaseous mixtures
T h e Kinetic Theory of Gases
5.6 Molecular speeds
5.7 Real gases
5.8 The liquefaction of gases
Exercises
CASE 5 Skiing, Mountain Climbing,
and the Gas Laws
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160
163
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Energy, Heat, and Thermochemistry
Enthalpy and Calorimetry
6.1 Energy and heat
6.2 Enthalpy
T h e Enthalpy of Chemical Change
6.3 Reaction enthalpies
6.4 Enthalpies of formation
6.5 The enthalpy of fuels
6.6 The enthalpy of food
Exercises
C A S E 6 Rocket Propellants
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227
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PART II A T O M S , M O L E C U L E S ,
AND IONS
7
Atomic Structure and the
Periodic Table
Light and Spectroscopy
7.1 The characteristics of light
BOX 7.1 Fireworks and Colored
Flames, J o h n A. Conkling
7.2 Quantization and photons
T h e Structure of the Hydrogen Atom
7.3 The spectrum of atomic hydrogen
7.4 Particles and waves
T h e Structures of
Many-Electron Atoms
7.5 Orbited energies
7.6 The building-up principle
A Survey of Periodic Properties
7.7 Blocks, periods, and groups
7.8 Periodicity of physical properties
7.9 Trends in chemical properties
Exercises
CASE 7 Using Light for
Chemical Analysis
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229
|
The Chemical Bond
Ionic Bonds
8.1 The energetics of ionic
bond formation
8.2 Ionic bonds and the periodic table
Covalent Bonds
8.3 The electron-pair bond
8.4 Lewis structures of polyatomic
molecules
8.5 Lewis acids and bases
8.6 Resonance
8.7 Exceptions to the Lewis octet rule
T h e Shapes of Molecules
8.8 Electron-pair repulsions
8.9 Molecules with multiple bonds
Exercises
CASE 8 Structures beyond VSEPR
J) The Structures of Molecules
Bond Parameters
9.1 Bond strength
9.2 Bond lengths
Charge Distributions in Compounds
9.3 Ionic versus covalent bonding
9.4 Assessing the charge distribution
T h e Valence-Bond Model of Bonding
9.5 Bonding in diatomic molecules
9.6 Hybridization
Molecular Orbital Theory
9.7 Molecular orbitals
9.8 Bonding in Period 2 diatomic
molecules
9.9 Orbitals in polyatomic molecules
Exercises
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CASE 9
Electrical Conduction by
Covalent Compounds
12.3
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10 Liquids and Solids
Forces between Atoms, Ions,
and Molecules
10.1 Ion and dipole forces
10.2 Hydrogen bonding
T h e Properties of Liquids
10.3 Surface tension
10.4 Vapor pressure
10.5 Solidification
T h e Structures and Properties
of Solids
BOX 10.1 X-Ray Diffraction
10.6 Metals and semiconductors
BOX 1 0 . 2 High-Temperature Superconductivity, C. W. Chu
10.7 Ionic solids
10.8 Other types of solids
Exercises
CASE 10 Smooth Skating
361
11 The Properties of Solutions
/ Measures of Concentration
j -U3- Emphasizing the amount of solute
in solution
11.2 Emphasizing relative amounts of
solute and solvent molecules
Solubility
11.3 Saturation and solubility
11.4 The effect of pressure on
gas solubility
11.5 The effect of temperature
on solubility
Colligative Properties
11.6 Changes in vapor pressure, boiling
points, and freezing points
11.7 Osmosis
Mixtures of Liquids
11.8 Raoult's law for mixtures of liquids
11.9 The distillation of mixtures
of liquids
Exercises
C A S E 1 1 A Bottle of Chemistry
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PART III R A T E S A N D
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V
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469.2
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13 / Chemical Equilibrium
T h e Description of
Chemical Equilibrium
13.1 Reactions at equilibrium
13.2 The equilibrium constant
13.3 Heterogeneous equilibria
Equilibrium Calculations
13.4 Specific initial concentrations
13.5 Arbitrary initial concentrations
T h e Response of Equilibria to the
Reaction Conditions
13.6 The effect of added reagents
13.7 The effect of pressure
'
13.8 The effect of temperature
Exercises
CASE 13 Stalactites and Stalagmites
493
14 Acids and Bases
T h e Definitions of Acids and Bases
14.1 Brönsted acids and bases
14.2 Brönsted acid-base equilibria
Solutions of Strong Acids and Bases
14.3 Strong acids and bases
14.4 Hydrogen ion concentration
and pH
14.5 Mixtures of strong acids and bases
14.6 pH curves for strong acid-strong
base titrations
Equilibria in Solutions of Acids
and Bases
14.7 Ionization constants
14.8 Weak acids and bases
14.9 The structures and strengths
of acids
14.10 The pH of weak acids and bases
14.11 Polyprotic acids and bases
Exercises
CASE 14 Rain Is Naturally Acidic,
So Why the Concern?
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^15 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Salts as Acids and Bases
15.1 Ions as acids and bases
15.2 Mixed solutions
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EQUILIBRIUM
12 The Rates of Reactions
T h e Description of Reaction Rates
12.1 Reaction rates
•
12.2 Rate laws
•
Controlling Rates of Reactions
The temperature dependence of
reaction rates
12.4 Catalysis
Reaction Mechanisms
12.5 Elementary reactions
12.6 Chain reactions
Exercises
CASE 12 Smog Formation
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Titrations and p H Curves
15.3 The variation of pH during
a titration
15.4 Indicators as weak acids
15.5 Buffer solutions
BOX 15.1 p H and Electrolyte Changes
after Burn Injury, Basil A.
Pruitt and Arthur D. Mason
Solubility Equilibria
15.6 The solubility constant
15.7 Precipitation reactions and
qualitative analysis
15.8 Dissolution of precipitates
Exercises
CASE 15 Swimming Pools
and Chemistry
585
PART IV T H E
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18 Hydrogen and the s-Block Elements
Hydrogen
18.1 The element hydrogen
18.2 Important compounds of hydrogen
Group I: Alkali Metals
18.3 Group I elements
18.4 Important Group I compounds
Group II: Alkaline Earth Metals
18.5 Group II elements
18.6 Important Group II compounds
Exercises
CASE 18 Living aboard the Space
Shuttle
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701
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714
720
19 The ^-Block Elements: I
Group III: Boron and Aluminum
19.1 Group III elements
19.2 Group III oxides
19.3 Other important Group III
compounds
Group IV: Carbon and Silicon
19.4 Group IV elements
19.5 Group IV oxides
19.6 Other important Group IV
compounds
Group V: Nitrogen and Phosphorus
19.7 Group V elements
19.8 Compounds with hydrogen and
the halogens
19.9 Group V oxides and oxoacids
Exercises
CASE 19 Buckminsterfullerene
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725
725
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20 The £-Block Elements: II
Group VI: Oxygen and Sulfur
20.1 Group VI elements
20.2 Compounds of Group VI elements
and hydrogen
20.3 Important compounds of sulfur
Group VII: T h e Halogens
20.4 Group VII elements
20.5 Halides
20.6 Halogen oxides and oxoacids
Group VIII: T h e Noble Gases
20.7 Group VIII elements
BOX 20.1 Noble-Gas Chemistry,
Neil Bartlett
20.8 Compounds of the noble gases
Exercises
CASE 2 0 T h e Number-1 Chemical
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16 Thermodynamics and Equilibrium
T h e First Law of Thermodynamics
16.1 Heat, work, and energy
16.2 Enthalpy
T h e Direction of Spontaneous Change
16.3 Entropy and spontaneous change
16.4 The entropy change in
the surroundings
16.5 The second law
Free Energy
16.6 Focusing on the system
16.7 Spontaneous reactions
Equilibria
16.8 Free energy and composition
16.9 The equilibrium constant
Exercises
CASE 16 Cold and Hot Packs
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Electrochemistry
Electrochemical Cells
17.1 Galvanic cells
17.2 Practical cells
BOX 17.1 Photoelectrochemistry,
Mary Archer
Electrochemistry and
Thermodynamics
17.3 Cell potential and reaction
free energy
17.4 The electrochemical series
17.5 The dependence of cell potential
on concentration
Electrolysis
17.6 The potential needed for electrolysis
17.7 The extent of electrolysis
17.8 Applications of electrolysis
Exercises
CASE 17 Photochromic Glass
ELEMENTS
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21 The d-Block Elements
T h e d-Block Elements and
Their Compounds
21.1 Trends in properties
21.2 Scandium through nickel
21.3 Copper, zinc, and their congeners
Complexes of the d-Block Elements
21.4 The structures of complexes
21.5 Isomerism
Crystal Field Theory
21.6 The effects of ligands on
d-electrons
21.7 The electronic structures of
many-electron complexes
Exercises
CASE 21 Winning a Metal f r o m
>
Its Ore
22
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Stability
22.1 Nuclear structure and
nuclear radiation
22.2 The identities of daughter nuclides
22.3 The pattern of nuclear stability
22.4 Nucleosynthesis
Radioactivity
22.5 Measuring radioactivity
22.6 The rate of nuclear disintegration
Nuclear Energy
22.7 Mass-energy conversion
22.8 Nuclear fission
22.9 Nuclear fusion
22.10 Chemical aspects of nuclear power
Exercises
CASE 2 2 Radon, a Background
Radioactive Isotope
PART V O R G A N I C
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CHEMISTRY
23 The Hydrocarbons
T h e Alkanes
23.1 Isomerism
23.2 Alkane nomenclature
23.3 The properties of alkanes
T h e Alkenes and the Alkynes
23.4 Alkene nomenclature
23.5 The carbon-carbon double bond
23.6 Alkene polymerization
23.7 Alkynes
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
23.8 Arene nomenclature
23.9 Reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons
Exercises
CASE 2 3 Gasoline versus Methanol
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24
Functional Groups and Biomolecules
T h e Hydroxyl Group
24.1 Alcohols and ethers
24.2 Phenols
«
T h e Carbonyl Group
24.3 Aldehydes and ketones
24.4 Carbohydrates
T h e Carboxyl Group
24.5 Carboxylic acids
24.6 Esters
BOX 2 4.1 Taste, Odor, and Flavor
Functional Groups
Containing Nitrogen
24.7 Amines
24.8 Amino acids
24.9 DNA and RNA
BOX 2 4 . 2 Recognizing the
Structures of DNA,
Jacqueline K. Barton
Exercises
CASE 2 4 Pesticides
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Appendix 1 Mathematical Information
1A Scientific notation
IB Logarithms
1C Quadratic and cubic equations
ID Graphs
A-l
A-l
A-2
A-4
A-5
Appendix 2 Experimental Data
2A Thermodynamic data at 25°C
1
Inorganic substances
2
Organic compounds
2B Standard reduction potentials
at 25°C
1
Potentials in electrochemical order
2
Potentials in alphabetical order
2C Ground-state electron
configurations
2D T h e elements
2E T h e top 50 chemicals by
industrial production in the
United States in 1990
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-12
Appendix 3 Nomenclature
3A T h e nomenclature of
polyatomic ions
3B Common names of chemicals
A-14
A-14
A-15
A-17
A-18
A-23
A-2 5
A-25
A-26
Glossary
B-l
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises
C-l
Illustration Credits
D-l
Index
1-1