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Status of the R&Ds on Diamond Particle Detectors
Mara Bruzzi
University of Florence - INFN Firenze
For the RD42 Collaboration
November 6, 2002 - VERTEX2002
Outline of the Talk:
Introduction
2001/2002 Milestones
Status of PolyCrystalline Diamond Particle Detectors
Single Crystal Diamond Particle Detectors
Summary and RD42 Plans
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
The RD42 Collaboration
http://rd42.web.cern.ch/RD42/
W. Adam1, E. Berdermann2, P. Bergonzo3, W. de
1
HEPHY, Vienna, Austria
20
4
3
4
Boer , E. Borchi , A. Brambilla , M. Bruzzi , C.
2
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
3
Colledani5, J. Conway6, P. D'Angelo7, W.
LETI/DEIN/SPE/CEA Saclay, France
4
Dabrowski8, P. Delpierre9, J. Doroshenko6, W.
INFN, University of Florence, Italy
Dulinski5, B. van Eijk11, A. Fallou9, P. Fischer19, F. 5LEPSI, IN2P3/CNRS-ULP, Strasbourg, France
6
Rutgers University, Piscataway, U.S.A.
Fizzotti12, C. Furetta7, K.K. Gan13, N. Ghodbane10, E.
7
20
9
13
11
INFN, Milano, Italy
Grigoriev , G. Hallewell , S. Han , F. Hartjes , J.
8
1
5
13
14
UMM, Cracow, Poland
Hrubec , D. Husson , H. Kagan , Kaplon , C.
9
CPPM, Marseille, France
Karl10, R. Kass13, M. Keil19, K.T. Knöpfle15, T.
10
Inst. für Exp. Physik, Hamburg, Germany
Koeth6, M. Krammer1, A. Logiudice12, R. Lu12, L.
11
NIKHEF, Amsterdam, Netherlands
6
12
3
12
macLynne , C. Manfredotti , D. Marshall , D.
University of Torino, Italy
14
4
19
16
Meier , D. Menichelli , S. Meuser , M. Mishina , 13Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A.
14
L. Moroni7, J. Noomen11, A. Oh14 , L. Perera6, M.
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
15
1
12
21
5
MPI für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
Pernicka , P. Polesello , R. Potenza , J.L. Riester ,
16
14
14
3
7
FNAL, Batavia, IL, U.S.A.
S. Roe , A. Rudge , L. Rousseau , S. Sala , M.
17
Polytechnico Milano, Italy
Sampietro17, S. Schnetzer6, S. Sciortino4, H. Stelzer2,
18
University of Toronto, Canada
R. Stone6, C. Sutera21, G.B. Thomson6, W.
19
Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Trischuk18, D. Tromson3 , C. Tuve21, B. Vincenzo21, 20Universität Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
21
E. Vittone12, W. Zeuner10, M. Zoeller13, P.
University of Roma, Italy
19
6
14
Weilhammer , N. Wermes , M. Wetstein
 Spokespersons
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Introduction
LHC L ~ 1034 cm-2s-1 in 10 years: f ~ 1015 n/cm2 for pixels
SLHC
L ~ 1035 cm-2s-1 fast hadron f up to 1016 cm-2


Inner tracking layers must survive
provide high precision tracking to tag b, t, Higgs
Diamond Properties:
Radiation hardness
Low Dielectric Constant

Low Capacitance
Low Leakage Current

Low readout noise
Room Temperature Operation , Fast signal collection time
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
2001/2002 Milestones
Priorities of Research in 2001/2002
Increase charge collection distance in a dedicated program
with industry to > 250mm
Test the Tracking and radiation tolerance properties of the
newest diamonds
Establish the performance of pixel detectors with radiation
hard front-end chips from ATLAS and CMS
Establish the performance of large detectors
Test diamond trackers with LHC specific electronics
(SCTA128 chip )
Irradiate modules sensors and front-end chips together
Finalize the geometry and metalization of diamond LHC
pixel detectors
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Status of PolyCrystalline Diamond Detectors
 Chemical Vapour Deposition - DeBeers
 Wafer diameter 5-6 inch
 Metalization Cr/Au, Ti/Au, Ti/W  new
 1V/mm Operation, Drift velocity saturated
 Test procedure: dot  strip  pixel
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
R&D with DeBeers Ind. Diamond
Latest Polycrystalline Diamonds Measured with a 90Sr Source
•System Gain = 124 e/mV
•QMP = 60mV = 7400e
•Mean Charge = 76mV = 9400e
 Source data well separated from 0
 Collection distance now 270mm
 Most Probable Charge now 8000e
 99% of PH distribution now above 3000e
 FWHM/MP ~ 0.95  Si has ~ 0.5
 This is diamond is available in large size
The research program worked!
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
History of ccd progress
Now
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Material Properties of PolyCrystalline Diamond
Grain-boundaries, dislocations, native defects in Polycrystalline Diamond:
limits carrier lifetime, mobility and charge collection distance
give rise to polarization and pumping effects
affect the radiation hardness ( spatial resolution improves, leakage
current decrease, mean signal decreases )
Grain size: ~10-100mm
Growth side of PolyDiamond
produced by the Florence group
State-of-art DeBeers
PolyDiamond growth side after lapping
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Basic Research on Defects in PolyCrystalline Diamond
Thermally Stimulated Currents
Analysis: TSC
Vrev
Low quality
High quality
t
T
ITS
t
C
t
Native defects at grain boundaries: Main peak@520K + RT tail
Et ~1eV, s ~ 10-12-10-19cm2, Nt ~ 1015-1019cm-3
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Optimising CCE through Material Removal
Columnar growth in
PolyDiamond films
Single-Crystal Line
Removal from growth ()
and substrate ()
Picture from sample
made in Florence
Higher grainboundary density
on substrate
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Recent Tracking Studies - CERN Test beam setup
 100 GeV/c pion/muon beam
 7 planes of CVD diamond strip sensors each 2cmx2cm
 50mm pitch, no intermediate strips new metalization procedure
 2 additional diamond strip sensors for test
 several silicon sensors for cross checks
 strip electronics ( 2ms ): ENC ~100e + 14 e/pF
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Recent Tracking Studies
Results
 Uniform signals on all strips
 Pedestal separated from “0” on all strips
 99% of entries above 2000e
 Mean signal charge ~8640e
 MP signal charge ~6500e
.. Work in progress
 Module with fully radiation hard SCTA128 electronics
 Tested with Sr90  ready for beam test and irradiation
 Charge distribution clearly separated from the noise S/N 8/1
 efficiency will be measured in test beams at 40MHz clock rate
 Improve position resolution by measuring charge sharing between strips
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Radiation Hardness
Signal to Noise
Resolution
Dark Current decreases with fluence
S/N decreases at 2x1015cm-2
Resolution improves at 2x1015 cm-2
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Other Radiation Effects
Pumping and Trapping
f = 5x1014 n/cm2
f = 2.0x1015 n/cm2
Pumping effect less evident
Defects at Et ~1eV partially
removed or compensated
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Single Crystal CVD Diamond Particle Detectors
Single Crystal films produced by DeBeers: Microwave plasma-assisted
CVD Homoepitaxial diamond films grown from HPHT synthetic diamond
substrates.

Samples size:
390-690mm thick, 6mm diameter
mn ~ 4500 cm2/Vs
mh ~ 3800 cm2/Vs
~ factor 2 higher than for natural single-crystal diamond

Carrier mobility @ RT

Carrier lifetime:
exceeds 2ms
Dramatic improvement as compared with natural and polycrystalline CVD
diamond (~ few ns)

Dislocation less than 106 cm-2

Nitrogen content of the order of 1015cm-3
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Performance of Single Crystal Diamond Detector
New metalization ( Al, no carbide involved )
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Single Crystal CVD Diamond Detector: CCE
Charge Collection Distance ~ Device Thickness ( over 90-95%)
 ~ 100% Charge Collection Efficiency
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Single Crystal CVD Diamond Detector: Pumping
Stable
Signal,
with
priming/polarization effects!
no
evidence
of
 Single Crystal Diamonds do not pump like
polycrystalline material.
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Summary
Polycrystalline Diamond I
Charge collection
270mm collection distance
MP signal 8000 e
99% of charge distribution above 3000e
FWHM/MP  0.95
Tracking Results
Operated a 7 plane telescope with 50mm pitch detectors
high efficiency and tracking precision of 10-20mm
Rad-hard SCTA128 electronics (DMILL ) built
Source tests indicate high efficiency at 40MHz
Beam test and irradiation this year
Radiation Hardness
dark current decreases with fluence
some loss of S/N with fluence
Resolution improves with fluence
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Summary
Polycrystalline Diamond II
Diamond Pixel Detectors
Successfully tested ATLAS and CMS pixels patterns
Bump-bonding yield  100%
Excellent correlation between telescope and pixel data
Reasonable spatial resolution attained
Radiation hard chips just arrived
Single Crystal Diamond: Future ?
Material Characteristics
mn ~ 4500 cm2/Vs , mh ~ 3800 cm2/Vs
Carrier lifetime exceeds 2ms
low native defect content
Detector performance
no pumping effect
100% charge collection efficiency over 550mm
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Future Plans of RD42
Charge Collection

collection distance  300mm

improved uniformity

correlation between defects and detector performance
Radiation hardness of diamond trackers and pixel detectors

Irradiation with p, p, n up to 5x1015cm-2
Beam tests with Diamond Trackers and Pixel detectors

Trackers with SCTA Electronics

Pixel detectors with ATLAS and CMS and rad hard elect.

Construct the full ATLAS diamond pixel module
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002