Download AP_Biology_files/Study guide Ch 16

Chapter 16 & 17:
1. Summarize the experiments or discoveries performed by the following scientists, which
provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material.
a. Frederick Griffith
b. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
c. Erwin Chargaff
d. James Watson & Francis Crick (include Rosalind Franklin’s involvement and Linus
Pauling’s failure)
2. List the components of a nucleotide.
3. Distinguish between deoxyribose and ribose.
4. List the nitrogen bases found in DNA and distinguish between pyrimidine and purine.
5. List the base-pairing rule and describe its significance.
6. Describe the structure of DNA using the following characteristics.
a. Double stranded (template, complementary)
b. Nucleotides
c. Nucleotides showing base-pairing
d. Antiparallelism
e. 5’ strand and 3’ strand
f. Phosphodiester bond
g. Hydrogen bonds
h. Purines and pyrimidines
7. Describe what is meant by semi-conservative replication and describe the Meselson-Stahl
experiment.
8. Describe the process of DNA replication and explain the role of helicase, single strand
binding protein, DNA Polymerase(s), ligase, primase.
9. Explain what energy source drives the synthesis of DNA.
10. Define antiparallelism in DNA and explain why continuous synthesis of both DNA strands is
not possible.
11. Distinguish between the leading and lagging strand.
12. Why must DNA replicate?
13. What is an Okazaki fragment?
14. What is the purpose of a primer in DNA replication?
15. How is RNA related to DNA?
16. Describe how messenger RNA (mRNA) is produced in the process of transcription.
17. Explain the process of protein synthesis by using the terms of transcription, translation,
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ribosome, P and A sites on a ribosome, codon, genetic code, initiator
codon, anticodon, amino acid, stop codon, peptide bond.
18. Describe how mRNA is modified (processed) in the nucleus.
19. Explain the role of amino-acyl synthetases.
20. How is RNA different than DNA in diversity of function.
21. Explain in what way the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous.
22. Explain the evolutionary significance of a nearly universal genetic code.
23. Given a sequence of bases in DNA or RNA, predict the corresponding codons transcribed on
mRNA, anticodons of tRNA, and amino acid sequence.
24. Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA.
25. Explain why base-pair insertions or deletions usually have a greater effect than base-pair
substitutions.