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Blastocyst- fluid filled ball of cells • 2 types of cells: -cells to become placenta trophoblast -inner cell mass (stem cells) Stem cells are pluripotent -have ability to read all DNA in their nuclei. -can become any cell In 5 to 6 days lose this ability Blastocyst implants in uterus Gastrula Giant squid genus(Architeuthis) 1 nerve cell = 39 ft Fig. 13-2b (b) Redwoods Fig. 12-2a 100 µm (a) Reproduction Fig. 12-2b 200 µm (b) Growth and development Fig. 12-2c 20 µm (c) Tissue renewal Fig. 13-2a 0.5 mm Parent Bud (a) Hydra Fig. 12-14 G1 checkpoint Control system G1 M G2 M checkpoint G2 checkpoint S Fig. 12-15 G0 G1 checkpoint G1 (a) Cell receives a go-ahead signal G1 (b) Cell does not receive a go-ahead signal DNA – lots of it in a small space chromosome chromatin Fig. 12-UN3 Fig. 12-4 0.5 µm Chromosomes Chromosome arm DNA molecules Chromosome duplication (including DNA synthesis) Centromere Sister chromatids Separation of sister chromatids Centromere Sister chromatids Fig. 12-UN1 G1 S Cytokinesis Mitosis G2 MITOTIC (M) PHASE Prophase Telophase and Cytokinesis Prometaphase Anaphase Metaphase Fig. 12-20 Lymph vessel Tumor Blood vessel Cancer cell Metastatic tumor Glandular tissue 1 A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. 2 Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue. 3 Cancer cells spread to other parts of the body. 4 Cancer cells may survive and establish a new tumor in another part of the body. Fig. 12-UN4 Fig. 12-UN6 Fig. 12-6b G2 of Interphase Chromatin Centrosomes (with centriole (duplicated) pairs) Prophase Early mitotic Aster spindle Nucleolus Nuclear Plasma envelope membrane Prometaphase Centromere Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Fragments of nuclear envelope Kinetochore Nonkinetochore microtubules Kinetochore microtubule Prophase • Chromatin – coils and supercoils to form chromosomes • Nucleoli disappear • Nuclear membrane disappear • Spindle begins to form as microtubules grow out of centrosomes (centrioles) • Microtubules from spindle attach to kinetochores on chromosomes Fig. 12-3 20 µm Fig. 12-6d Metaphase Anaphase Metaphase plate Spindle Centrosome at one spindle pole Telophase and Cytokinesis Cleavage furrow Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope forming Nucleolus forming Metaphase • Spindle fully formed • Poles at opposite end of cell • Chromosomes now on metaphase plate (middle of cell) Fig. 12-7 Aster Centrosome Sister chromatids Microtubules Chromosomes Metaphase plate Kinetochores Centrosome 1 µm Overlapping nonkinetochore microtubules Kinetochore microtubules 0.5 µm Anaphase • 2 centromeres of each chromosome come apart separating sister chromosomes • Free chromatid now called a chromosome • Spindle fibers attached to chromosomes kinetochores contract while those not attached lengthen. • Poles move further apart and cell elongates Fig. 12-10d 4 Anaphase Telophase • • • • • • Cell continues to elongate Nuclear membrane reforms Nucleolus forms Mitotic spindle disappears Cytokinesis occurs 2 genetically identical daughter cells form Cytokinesis • Division of the cytoplasm • Occurs along with telophase • Animal cells form a cleavage furrow which pinches the cell into 2 • Plant cells form a cell plate Fig. 12-10e Cell plate 5 Telophase 10 µm Fig. 12-9a 100 µm Cleavage furrow Contractile ring of microfilaments Daughter cells (a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) Fig. 12-9b Vesicles forming cell plate Wall of parent cell Cell plate 1 µm New cell wall Daughter cells (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM) Fig. 12-9 100 µm Cleavage furrow Contractile ring of microfilaments Vesicles forming cell plate Wall of parent cell Cell plate 1 µm New cell wall Daughter cells (a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) Daughter cells (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM) Fig. 12-UN2 Fig. 12-UN5 Mitosis video Fig. 12-16 RESULTS 5 30 4 20 3 2 10 1 0 100 200 300 Time (min) 400 0 500 Fig. 12-17 M S G1 G2 M G1 S G2 M G1 MPF activity Cyclin concentration Time (a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration during the cell cycle Degraded cyclin G2 checkpoint Cyclin is degraded MPF Cdk Cyclin (b) Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle Cyclin accumulation Cdk Fig. 12-17a M G1 S G2 M G1 S G2 M G1 MPF activity Cyclin concentration Time (a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration during the cell cycle Fig. 12-17b Degraded cyclin G2 Cdk checkpoint Cyclin is degraded MPF Cyclin (b) Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle Cyclin accumulation Cdk Fig. 13-3 APPLICATION TECHNIQUE 5 µm Pair of homologous replicated chromosomes Centromere Sister chromatids Metaphase chromosome Fig. 13-3a APPLICATION Fig. 13-3b TECHNIQUE 5 µm Pair of homologous replicated chromosomes Centromere Sister chromatids Metaphase chromosome Fig. 13-4 Key 2n = 6 Maternal set of chromosomes (n = 3) Paternal set of chromosomes (n = 3) Two sister chromatids of one replicated chromosome Two nonsister chromatids in a homologous pair Centromere Pair of homologous chromosomes (one from each set) Mitosis – Word Bank Asters Centrioles Chromatids Chromosome Cytoplasm Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear membrane Spindle Fibers Kinetochore Cleavage Furrow Fig. 12-10a Nucleus Nucleolus 1 Prophase Chromatin condensing Fig. 12-10b Chromosomes 2 Prometaphase Fig. 12-10c 3 Metaphase Fig. 12-10d 4 Anaphase Fig. 12-10e Cell plate 5 Telophase 10 µm
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