Download AP Biology – Muscular System Unit Outline

AP Biology – Muscular System Unit Outline
Mr. J. Miller
I.
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Importance of Muscular System
Muscular Tissue – General Properties
A. Contractility
B. Three Types
C. Location and general nature of skeletal muscle
D. Location and general nature of smooth muscle
E. Cardiac muscle
Skeletal Muscles
A. Fibers
B. Syncytium, fasiculi, perimysium, epimysium
C. Fiber coverings – sarcolomma and endomysium
D. Nuclei
E. Sacroplasm and myofibrils
F. Filaments – myosin and actin
G. A band
H. I band
I. H band
J. Z band and the sacromere
K. Huxley hypothesis
L. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
M. Red and white muscle
N. Nerve connection
O. Voluntary control
P. Tendons
Q. Capacity for contraction
Smooth Muscle
A. Cells
B. Nuclei
C. Lack of sarcolemma
D. Lack of striations
E. Placement
F. Layer arrangement
G. Involuntary control
H. Peristalic waves
I. Nature of contraction
Cardiac Muscle
A. Cross striation
B. Sarcolemma
C. Intercalated discs
D. Nuclei
E. Branching nature
F. Arrangement in heart
G. Physiological properties
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
H. Nature of contraction
Muscle Tone
A. Tonus
B. Flaccid paralysis
Simple Muscle Twitch
A. Laboratory methods – kymograph, chart mover
B. Time factor in contraction
C. Latent period
D. Period of contraction
E. Period of relaxation – contracture
All-or-none law and Muscle
A. Definition
B. Kinds of stimuli
C. Stimuli strength – subminimal, minimal, or threshold maximal, supra maximal
D. Treppe
E. Production of graded movement
Summation of Subminimal Stimuli
Tetanus in Muscle
A. Definition
B. Complete tetanus
C. Incomplete tetanus
Refractory Period of Muscle
A. Definition
B. Striated muscle
C. Cardiac muscle
D. Absolute or relative period
Muscle Fatigue
A. Definition
B. Causes (8)
Control of Skeletal Activity Reqirements
A. Intact receptors
B. Normal cerebral cortex
C. Normal basal nuclei
D. Normal cerebellum
E. Normal spinal cord
F. Intact efferent nerve fibers
G. Health muscle
H. Psychic factor
Muscle Chemistry
A. Events in muscle contraction
B. Maximum oxygen intake
C. Oxygen consumption
D. Hill/Meyerhoff Theory of Muscle Contraction
E. Lactic acid accumulation
1.
ATP
2.
Creatine Phosphate
XV.
XVI.
3.
Myoglobin
Physiological Adjustment in Exercise
A. Lactic acid accumulation and fatigue
B. Circulatory Adjustment
C. Respiratory Adjustment
Neuro-motor connection
A. Motor end plate
B. Motor unit
C. Size of motor units
D. End plate potential and action potential – electrical transmission
E. Chemical transmission – acetylcholine
F. Cholinesterase
G. Myasthenia gravis