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Supplementary Figure Legends Supplementary Figure 1. Statistic data indicating the average integrated I6.0 after spermine (0.25 mM) treatment in cultured cortical neurons from WT and ASIC knockout mice. Results are normalized to the integrals of I6.0 in the absence of spermine (n = 4-6, **, p < 0.01, compared with the ratio of 1, paired t-test). The dashed line indicates control values without SPM (the ratio of 1). Supplementary Figure 2. Current-voltage relationship (I–V curve) of I6.0 without (cycle) or with 0.25 mM SPM (triangle). Both datasets were fitted by linear regression showing reversal potentials at approximately +40 mV, as shown by the bar graph in inset (n = 5, NS, no statistical significance, paired t-test). Supplementary Figure 3. In CHO cell transfected with human ASIC1a, extracellular but not intracellular spermine altered I6.0. (A) Extracellular SPM ([SPM]o) at 0.25 mM enhanced I6.0 regardless the absence (filled cycle) or presence (open cycle) of 0.25 mM SPM in the pipette. Data are mean ± SE (n = 6 for each group). (B) Representative current traces and summary data (mean ± SE, n = 7) demonstrating that SPM (0.25 mM) enhanced I6.0 in outside-out macro patch (**, P < 0.01, unpaired t-test). Supplementary Figure 4. In CHO cell transfected with human ASIC1a, SPM (0.25 mM) induced a rightward shift of the pH dependence of steady-state desensitization of I6.0. For each point, n = 6-8. The holding pH varied from 7.6 to 6.6. Supplementary Figure 5. Mutational analysis of SPM binding sites. (A) Typical recording showing steady-state desensitization of WT and mutant ASIC1a channels at two conditioning pH values indicated. (B) Statistic data indicating the % steadystate desensitization at pH 7.2 for WT (dashed line) and mutant ASIC1a channels (n 1 = 4-5, ***, p < 0.001, compared with WT channels, unpaired t-test). (C) Mutations at E242 abolished the enhancing effect of 0.25 mM spermine. Results are normalized to the relative peak amplitude of I6.0 in the absence of spermine (dashed line) (NS, no statistical significance, n = 3-6, paired t-test). (D) In comparison with the WT channels (see Supplementary Figure 4), SPM (0.25 mM) induced a less significant rightward shift of the pH dependence of steady-state desensitization under more acidic conditions in ASIC1aE219A mutant (n = 4-5). The holding pH varied from 8.0 to 6.5. 2