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Transcript
The Living Cell Chapter 21 Great Idea: Life is based on chemistry, and chemistry takes place in cells Chapter Outline • The Nature and Variety of Cells • How Does a Cell Work? • Metabolism: Energy and Life • Cell Division The Nature and Variety of Cells The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental unit of life • All cells arise from previous cells Observing Cells: The Microscope How Does a Cell Work? Cell Membranes • Cell Membranes – Isolate cell – Separates cell parts • Transport – Individual molecules – Specific materials • channels • Receptors – Bind molecules • Cell Wall – Plants Plant Cell The Nucleus • Nucleus – Contains genetic material • Prokaryotes – No nucleus • Eukaryotes – Nucleus • Double Membrane The Energy Organelles: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria • Organelle – Specialized structure in cell • Chloroplasts – Energy transformation • chlorophyll – Plant cells only – Double membrane • Mitochondria – Produces cells energy – Double membrane – Own DNA Cytoskeleton • Cytoskeleton – Gives cell shape – Anchors – Allows movement – Transport system • Within cell • Structure – Strong filaments – Complex web Metabolism: Energy and Life The Cell’s Energy Currency • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – Provides energy • Structure – 3 phosphate groups – Sugar molecule: ribose – adenine • Function – Removal of phosphate group provides energy Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis – Convert sunlight to energy • Process – Energy + CO2 + H2O carbohydrate + O2 • Colors Glycolysis: The First Step in Energy Generation in the Cell • Respiration – Oxidation of carbohydrate – Retrieves energy in glucose – Aerobic • Process – Glycolysis • Split glucose • Result – Pyruvic acid – 2 ATP – 2 energy carriers • Convert energy carriers to 2-3 ATP – 1 molecule glucose = 6-8 ATP Fermentation: A Way to Keep Glycolysis Going • Fermentation – Anaerobic – Inefficient • Yeast – alcohol • Animal cells – Lactic acid The Final Stages of Respiration • Krebs cycle – Glucose broken down – CO2 produced – ATP – Energy-carrying molecules • Result – 36-38 ATP Cell Division Mitosis • Mitosis – Cell division – Not for sexual reproduction • Chromosomes • Process – Copy chromosomes – Spindle fibers – Migration of chromosomes – Nuclear membrane reforms Meiosis • Meiosis – Sexual reproduction – 1 cell forms 4 gametes • Gametes are genetically unique • Process – – – – Copy chromosomes Crossing over Segregation Segregation again • Result – 4 daughter cells – ½ normal chromosomes Meiosis