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Name____________________________
Date_________________
Biology Midterm
1. Scientific Method
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Control
d. Hypothesis
2. The cell
a. Cell theory
b. Organelles of cell
i. Functions
ii. How they work together
c. Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic
d. Plant vs. animal cells
3. Cell transport
a. Cell membrane
i. Structure of the cell membrane
1. Lipid bilayer
2. Protein channel
ii. What does it do?
b. Passive diffusion
i. Diffusion
ii. Osmosis
iii. Facilitated diffusion
c. Active transport
d. Equilibrium
4. Nutrition
a. Autotrophic vs. heterotrophic
b. types of heterotrophic nutrition
5. Enzymes
a. What they are made of
b. What they do lower activation energy required for reaction
c. enzyme-substrate complex
d. lock and key theory
e. factors influencing rate of enzyme reaction
6. Body systems  Nervous, Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, Skeletal, Muscular, Excretory
a. how the systems interact with each other and the “big picture” of each system.
7. Immune system
a. Antigens
b. Antibodies
c. White blood cells
d. Common pathogens
i. Viruses
ii. Bacteria
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Biology Midterm
e. Disease
f. Homeostasis
g. Inflammatory response
h. Histamines
i. Allergic reaction
j. T cells
k. B cells
l. Active immunity
m. Passive immunity
n. Vaccines
o. Autoimmune diseases
p. HIV/AIDS
Endocrine System
a. Hormones
b. Feedback mechanism
c. Hormone specificity
Male Reproductive system
a. Sperm
b. testosterone
c. Gonads
d. Scrotum
e. Vas deferens
f. Testes
g. Urethra
h. Seminal vesicles
i. Prostate gland
j. Epididymis
k. Penis
l. Spermatogenesis sperm created in meiosis
m. Importance of semen
Female Reproductive system
a. Oogenesis  eggs created in meiosis
b. Ovaries
c. Oviduct (fallopian tubes)
d. Internal vs. external fertilization
e. Uterus
f. Cervix
g. Menstrual cycle
i. Stages of cycle
ii. Hormones involved and what they do
1. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
2. LH (luteinizing hormone)
3. Estrogen
4. Progesterone
iii. Menopause
h. Difference between fraternal and identical twins
Human development
a. Fertilization
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b. Blastocyst
c. Differentiation
d. Organs/tissues
i. Placenta
ii. Umbilical cord
iii. Uterus
iv. Amniotic sac
v. Birth canal
vi. Cervix
Asexual reproduction
a. Binary fission
b. Budding
c. Regeneration
d. Sporulation
e. Difference between asexual and sexual reproduction
Mitosis
a. What does it do?
b. Why do we need it?
c. The stages of mitosis
d. Difference between plant and animal mitosis
e. Cancer
Meiosis
a. Somatic cells vs. gametes
b. Mitosis vs. meiosis
c. Homologous chromosomes
d. Stages of meiosis
e. Crossing over
DNA
a. Function
b. Structure
c. Nitrogenous bases
d. Replication
e. Why does it never leave the cell?
RNA/ Protein synthesis
a. Functions of proteins
b. Structure of RNA
c. Types of RNA
i. tRNA
ii. mRNA
d. location of protein synthesis
i. ribosomes in the cytoplasm
e. amino acids
f. protein transcription
g. protein translation
h. codons
i. translating DNA template into RNA strand
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