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Fig. 11-00 Pancreas cell Key Gene for a glycolysis enzyme Antibody gene Active Insulin gene gene Hemoglobin gene Colorized TEM Colorized SEM Colorized TEM Fig. 11-01 White blood cell Nerve cell Fig. 11-02 Operon Regulatory Promoter Operator gene Genes for lactose enzymes DNA mRNA Protein RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Active repressor Operon turned off (lactose absent) Transcription DNA RNA polymerase bound to promoter mRNA Translation Protein Lactose Inactive repressor Lactose enzymes Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor) Fig. 11-02a Operon Regulatory Promoter Operator gene Genes for lactose enzymes DNA mRNA Protein Active repressor Operon turned off (lactose absent) RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Fig. 11-02b Transcription DNA RNA polymerase bound to promoter mRNA Translation Protein Lactose Inactive repressor Lactose enzymes Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor) Fig. 11-03-1 Chromosome Unpacking of DNA DNA Gene Fig. 11-03-2 Chromosome Unpacking of DNA DNA Gene Transcription of gene Intron Exon RNA transcript Fig. 11-03-3 Chromosome Unpacking of DNA DNA Gene Transcription of gene Intron Exon RNA transcript Processing of RNA Flow of mRNA through nuclear envelope Cap Tail mRNA in nucleus mRNA in cytoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm Fig. 11-03-4 Chromosome Unpacking of DNA DNA Gene Transcription of gene Intron Exon RNA transcript Processing of RNA Flow of mRNA through nuclear envelope Cap Tail mRNA in nucleus mRNA in cytoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm Breakdown of mRNA Fig. 11-03-5 Chromosome Unpacking of DNA DNA Gene Transcription of gene Intron Exon RNA transcript Processing of RNA Flow of mRNA through nuclear envelope Cap Tail mRNA in nucleus mRNA in cytoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm Breakdown of mRNA Translation of mRNA Polypeptide Fig. 11-03-6 Chromosome Unpacking of DNA DNA Gene Transcription of gene Intron Exon RNA transcript Processing of RNA Flow of mRNA through nuclear envelope Cap Tail mRNA in nucleus mRNA in cytoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm Breakdown of mRNA Translation of mRNA Polypeptide Various changes to polypeptide Active protein Fig. 11-03-7 Chromosome Unpacking of DNA DNA Gene Transcription of gene Intron Exon RNA transcript Processing of RNA Flow of mRNA through nuclear envelope Cap Tail mRNA in nucleus mRNA in cytoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm Breakdown of mRNA Translation of mRNA Polypeptide Various changes to polypeptide Active protein Breakdown of protein Fig. 11-04 Two cell populations in adult cat: Early embryo: X chromosomes Allele for orange fur Active X Inactive X Cell division and X chromosome inactivation Allele for black fur Inactive X Active X Orange fur Black fur Fig. 11-04a Two cell populations in adult cat: Early embryo: Active X X chromosomes Allele for orange fur Inactive X Cell division and X chromosome inactivation Allele for black fur Inactive X Active X Orange fur Black fur Fig. 11-05 Enhancers (DNA control sequences) RNA polymerase Bend in the DNA Transcription Promoter factor Gene Transcription Fig. 11-06-1 Exons DNA 1 2 3 4 5 Fig. 11-06-2 Exons 1 DNA RNA transcript 1 2 2 4 3 3 4 5 5 Fig. 11-06-3 Exons 1 DNA RNA transcript 2 RNA splicing mRNA 1 2 3 5 4 3 2 1 4 3 5 or 5 1 2 4 5 Fig. 11-07-1 Initial polypeptide Fig. 11-07-2 Cutting Initial polypeptide Insulin (active hormone) Fig. 11-08-1 SIGNALING CELL Secretion Signal molecule Plasma membrane TARGET CELL Nucleus Fig. 11-08-2 SIGNALING CELL Secretion Signal molecule Plasma membrane Reception Receptor protein TARGET CELL Nucleus Fig. 11-08-3 SIGNALING CELL Secretion Signal molecule Plasma membrane Reception Receptor protein TARGET CELL Signal transduction pathway Nucleus Fig. 11-08-4 SIGNALING CELL Secretion Signal molecule Plasma membrane Reception Receptor protein TARGET CELL Signal transduction pathway Transcription factor (activated) Nucleus Fig. 11-08-5 SIGNALING CELL Secretion Signal molecule Plasma membrane Reception Receptor protein TARGET CELL Signal transduction pathway Transcription factor (activated) Nucleus Response Transcription mRNA Fig. 11-08-6 SIGNALING CELL Secretion Signal molecule Plasma membrane Reception Receptor protein TARGET CELL Signal transduction pathway Transcription factor (activated) Nucleus Response Transcription mRNA New protein Translation Fig. 11-09 Normal fruit fly Normal head Mutant fly with extra wings Mutant fly with extra legs growing from head Fig. 11-09a Normal fruit fly Mutant fly with extra wings Fig. 11-09b Normal head Mutant fly with extra legs growing from head Fig. 11-10 Fruit fly chromosome Mouse chromosomes Fruit fly embryo (10 hours) Mouse embryo (12 days) Adult fruit fly Adult mouse Fig. 11-10a Fruit fly chromosome Fruit fly embryo (10 hours) Adult fruit fly Fig. 11-10b Mouse chromosomes Mouse embryo (12 days) Adult mouse Fig. 11-11-1 mRNA isolated Fig. 11-11-2 mRNA isolated cDNA made from mRNA Reverse transcriptase and fluorescently labeled DNA nucleotides Fluorescent cDNA Fig. 11-11-3 mRNA isolated cDNA made from mRNA Reverse transcriptase and fluorescently labeled DNA nucleotides Fluorescent cDNA DNA microarray cDNA mixture added to wells Fig. 11-11-4 mRNA isolated Reverse transcriptase and fluorescently labeled DNA nucleotides cDNA made from mRNA Fluorescent cDNA DNA microarray cDNA mixture added to wells Unbound cDNA rinsed away Nonfluorescent spot Fluorescent spot Fluorescent cDNA DNA microarray (6,400 genes) DNA of an DNA of an expressed gene unexpressed gene Fig. 11-11a DNA microarray (6,400 genes) Fig. 11-12-1 Root of carrot plant Fig. 11-12-2 Root of carrot plant Root cells in growth medium Fig. 11-12-3 Single cell Root of carrot plant Root cells in growth medium Cell division in culture Fig. 11-12-4 Single cell Root of carrot plant Root cells in growth medium Cell division in culture Young plant Fig. 11-12-5 Single cell Root of carrot plant Root cells in growth medium Cell division in culture Young plant Adult plant Fig. 11-13-1 Remove nucleus from egg cell Fig. 11-13-2 Donor cell Remove nucleus from egg cell Add somatic cell from adult donor Fig. 11-13-3 Donor cell Remove nucleus from egg cell Add somatic cell from adult donor Nucleus from donor cell Grow in culture to produce an early embryo Fig. 11-13-4 Reproductive cloning Donor cell Nucleus from donor cell Implant embryo in surrogate mother Remove nucleus from egg cell Add somatic cell from adult donor Grow in culture to produce an early embryo Clone of donor is born Fig. 11-13-5 Reproductive cloning Donor cell Nucleus from donor cell Implant embryo in surrogate mother Clone of donor is born Therapeutic cloning Remove nucleus from egg cell Add somatic cell from adult donor Grow in culture to produce an early embryo Remove embryonic stem cells from embryo and grow in culture Induce stem cells to form specialized cells for therapeutic use Fig. 11-13a Fig. 11-14 (a) The first cloned cat (right) (b) Cloning for medical use (c) Clones of endangered animals Mouflon calf with mother Banteng Gaur Gray wolf Fig. 11-14a (a) The first cloned cat (right) Fig. 11-14b (b) Cloning for medical use Fig. 11-14c (c) Clones of endangered animals Mouflon calf with mother Gaur Banteng Gray wolf Fig. 11-15 Adult stem cells in bone marrow Blood cells Nerve cells Cultured embryonic stem cells Heart muscle cells Different culture conditions Different types of differentiated cells Fig. 11-16 Fig. 11-17 Proto-oncogene (for protein that stimulates cell division) DNA Mutation within the gene Multiple copies of the gene Gene moved to new DNA position, under new controls New promoter Oncogene Hyperactive growthstimulating protein Normal growthstimulating protein in excess Normal growthstimulating protein in excess Fig. 11-18 Tumor-suppressor gene Normal growthinhibiting protein Cell division under control (a) Normal cell growth Mutated tumor-suppressor gene Defective, nonfunctioning protein Cell division not under control (b) Uncontrolled cell growth (cancer) Fig. 11-18a Tumor-suppressor gene Normal growthinhibiting protein Cell division under control (a) Normal cell growth Fig. 11-18b Mutated tumor-suppressor gene Defective, nonfunctioning protein Cell division not under control (b) Uncontrolled cell growth (cancer) Fig. 11-19-1 Cellular changes: Increased cell division DNA changes: Oncogene activated Fig. 11-19-2 Colon wall Cellular changes: Increased cell division Growth of benign tumor DNA changes: Oncogene activated Tumor-suppressor gene inactivated Fig. 11-19-3 Colon wall Cellular changes: Increased cell division Growth of benign tumor Growth of malignant tumor DNA changes: Oncogene activated Tumor-suppressor gene inactivated Second tumor-suppressor gene inactivated Fig. 11-20-1 Chromosomes Normal cell Fig. 11-20-2 Chromosomes Normal cell 1 mutation Fig. 11-20-3 Chromosomes Normal cell 1 mutation 2 mutations Fig. 11-20-4 Chromosomes Normal cell 1 mutation 2 mutations 3 mutations Fig. 11-20-5 Chromosomes Normal cell 1 mutation 2 mutations 3 mutations 4 mutations Malignant cell Fig. 11-21 Fig. 11-22 Fig. 11-T01 Fig. 11-T02 Fig. 11-UN01 Fig. 11-UN02 Fig. 11-UN03 Fig. 11-UN04 Fig. 11-UN05 A typical operon Regulatory Promoter Operator gene Gene 1 DNA Produces repressor that in active form attaches to operator RNA polymerase binding site Switches operon on or off Gene 2 Gene 3 Fig. 11-UN06 DNA unpacking Transcription RNA processing RNA transport mRNA breakdown Translation Protein activation Protein breakdown Fig. 11-UN07 Nucleus from donor cell Early embryo resulting from nuclear transplantation Embryo implanted in surrogate mother Clone of nucleus donor Fig. 11-UN08 Nucleus from donor cell Early embryo resulting from nuclear transplantation Embryonic stem cells in culture Specialized cells Fig. 11-UN09 Proto-oncogene (normal) Oncogene Mutation Normal protein Mutant protein Out-of-control growth (leading to cancer) Normal regulation of cell cycle Normal growth-inhibiting protein Defective protein Mutation Tumor-suppressor gene (normal) Mutated tumor-suppressor gene
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