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I. History:Ground breaking discoveries T.H. Morgan Griffith, Avery and McCleod Hershey and Chase Watson and Crick (refer to your article for most of this!) How do we know that DNA is the molecule that transfers info? • T.H. Morgan showed that differences in chromosomes determined fly traits • Think back: What are chromosomes made of??? DNA and Protein. II. What is DNA Structure: What do we already know about DNA’s structure? (think back to biochem!) II. What is DNA Structure: The backbone of DNA is made of covalent bonds between the phosphate and sugar II. What is DNA Structure: DNA you have a choice of 4 bases: Purines II. What is DNA Structure: DNA you have a choice of 4 bases: Pyrimidines II. What is DNA Structure: - Two strands of DNA are connected through weaker Hydrogen bonds that form between bases - Only certain bases can form these hydrogen bonds with each other - They are called complementary II. What is DNA G and C form 3 hydrogen bonds II. What is DNA A and T form 2 hydrogen bonds II. What is DNA Why can’t the others pair up? II. What is DNA Structure: Therefore all A’s are bound to T’s all G’s are bound to C’s Chargaff’s Rule: in a given piece of DNA – A’s = T’s; G’s = C’s II. What is DNA Structure: Heating DNA causes it to denature Which is harder to denature? - GCCGGCGCG or - AATATTATAA III. Replication –Semi-conservative: III. Replication • Happens in the nucleus (of course!) • Ingredients: –Energy – Form??? –Free Nucleotides: single, not attached –Specific Enzymes III. Replication • There are three basic steps. Watch the animation and tell me what is happening. III. Replication • Telomere problem: Ends of chromosomes difficult to copy - lose a little DNA each time The good news: telomeres do not code for anything The bad news: telomeres are only so long. III. Replication Solution: - in a few cells – telomerase - in other cells – Hayflick limit (max. number of cell divisions before self destructing) Replication uses existing DNA as a template to make more DNA Why? When? DNA is ALSO used as a template to make an RNA “copy” of a gene Why? When? So first a little about RNA…. Structure of RNA • Think back: what are the structural differences between RNA and DNA? Types of RNA • mRNA – – Has the encoded info to assemble proteins • rRNA – –Make up part of the ribosome •tRNA – - brings Amino Acids to ribosome • Transcription: transfer of information from DNA to RNA – only genes that encoded proteins necessary to that cell get transcribed IV. Transcription: Similar to replication in mechanism - Watch the animation and tell me what is different! IV. Transcription: In eukaryotes, mRNA transcript has to be modified before leaving the nucleus to be translated. In prokaryotes, the mRNA is ready to go IV. Transcription: Remember transcription is the KEY to getting a protein!! - this is the On/Off switch V. Genetic Code: V. Genetic Code: How many 3 base combinations are there of ATGC? How many amino acids are there? What does this mean? V. Genetic Code: You are responsible for knowing 4: AUG UAA, UAG, UGA VI. Translation: Decoding the information in the mRNA to build a protein. We need: 1. The mRNA 2. The ribosome 3. tRNA’s V. Translation: Ribosomes: - two subunits made of rRNA and protein - sandwich mRNA between them V. Translation: Ribosomes: - Have three spots that tRNA’s can fit in A site – P site – E site – V. Translation: tRNA - Twisted up piece of RNA - amino acid gets attached to one end - opposite end is the anticodon V. Translation: So how does it work? Watch the animation and explain it to me! Central Dogma What’s strange about with the central Dogma???