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Transcript
Inner Life of the Cell (Harvard’s gorgeous animation of a cell contents doing their thing) Cell organelles Starting activity: Work out the actual size of the mitochondrion in the top right side of your labelled animal cell. Mag =Image size / Actual size A = I/M A = 12mm/x4000 M = 20mm/5μm A = 0.003mm M = 20,000μm / 5μm = x4000 0.003 x 1000 = μm 0.003 x 1000 = 3 μm 3D Interactive cell Utah cell The nucleus • • • • • The nuclear envelope Nuclear pores Nucleoplasm Chromatin The nucleolus The nucleus: Acts as the control centre of the cell through the production of mRNA and protein synthesis Retains the genetic material of the cell in the form of DNA / chromosomes. Manufacture rRNA and ribosomes Start the process of cell division. Chloroplasts • • • • The chloroplast envelope The stroma The grana Starch grains The mitochondrion • Double membrane • Cristae (stalked elementary particles) • The matrix (Krebs cycle) Endoplasmic reticulum • RER • SER • Cisternae Ribosomes • 80S type = eukaryotic cells • 70S type = prokaryotic cells • 2 sub-units. One large and one Small. • Each contain rRNA and protein • Important in protein synthesis Golgi apparatus • Similar to SER in structure. • Flattened stacks of cisternae. • Modifies proteins from ER Labels them, which allows Them to go to their correct Destination. Modified protein transported in vesicles Lysosomes • Formed when vesicles produced from the golgi apparatus include within them enzymes (e.g. Proteases, lipases) • Up to 1.0 μm in diameter • Isolate potentially harmful enzymes from rest of cell. Cell surface (plasma) membrane • Partially permeable. • Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Cilia • Threads which extend from cell surface. • 3-4 μm long, could be up to 10 μm. they are 0.2 μm in diameter. • Basal body embedded in cytoplasm • Basal body contains 9 sets of 3 microtubules. Centrioles • Found in almost all animal cells. • NOT in plant cells • Hollow cylinders 0.5 μm in length and 0.2 μm in diameter. • Internal structure = 9 sets of 3 microtubules • 2 in each cell. Lie at right angles to one another near the nucleus Comparing plant and animal cells Animal cells • Cell wall absent • Chloroplasts absent • Vacuoles if present – small and scattered. • Cytoplasm present throughout the cell • Nucleus anywhere in cell, but often central. • Centrioles present • Cilia or undulipodia often present • Glycogen granules used for storage • Almost all cells are capable of division Plant cells • Cell wall with pits and plasmodesmata. • Chloroplasts present • Large single vacuole. • Cytoplasm – thin layer confined to edge of cell. • Nucleus at edge of cell • Centrioles absent in higher plants • Cilia and undulipodia absent. In higher plants. • Starch grains used for storage • Only some cells capable of division. Identifying cell organelles Plenary activity: Complete short answer questions on cell organelles. Complete Q3 from Q booklet Homework: Q1 part (a) only & Q4 all parts. Due: Next lesson.