Download 35.1-5 Outline

AP Biology Outline
Ch. 35.1-5 Plant Structure, Growth & Development
Evolution of Plants: Unicellular & Colonies (Algae), Non-vascular (Mosses & Liverworts), Vascular
(Ferns), Gymnosperms (Conifers), Angiosperms (Monocots & Eudicots)
Plants have greater individual diversity because growth is affected by local environmental conditions.
35.1 Hierarchical Organization: Organs, Tissues & Cells
Three Basic Organs: Roots, Stems & Leaves
Roots-taproot & fibrous root systems
Roots adaptations (p.740): Prop, pneumatophores, aerial & buttress.
Stems-nodes, internodes, axillary buds & apical buds
Stem adaptations (p.741): Rhizomes, bulbs, stolons & tubers
Leaves-blade, petiole & veins (parallel & branched)
Arrangement: simple & compound
Leaf adaptations (p.742): tendrils, spines, storage, reproductive & bracts
Three Basic Tissues: Dermal, Vascular & Ground
Dermal-outer layer. Epidermis, cuticle & periderm.
Vascular-water moves up xylem, sugars are transported throughout the phloem.
Stele arrangement varies
Ground-pith & cortex
Five types of cells:
Parenchyma-photosynthesis
Collenchyma-support but flexible
Sclerenchyma-rigid support
Tracheids & Vessel elements-xylem
Sieve-tube elements-phloem
35.2 Meristems
Apical-tips, primary growth
Lateral-middle, secondary growth. Vascular cambium-wood, cork cambium-bark
Annuals, biennials & perennials
35.3 Primary Growth
Root cap-protection, zone of elongation
Stem-leaf primordia, grasses-intercalary meristems.
Leaf structure (p.751) Outside: cuticle, epidermis, stomata (guard cells), Inside: mesophyll
(photosynthesis & veins)
35.4 Secondary Growth
Cork cambium-bark, vascular cambium-xylem & phloem (growth rings, p.752)
35.5 Growth, Morphogenesis & differentiation
(p.756) Epigenetics-conditions determine gene expression, primary & secondary growth
Morphogenesis-pattern formation, phase changes, meristem identity genes & organ identity
genes.
(p.761) ABC hypothesis of flower formation-three classes of genes determine four organs:
Sepals, petals, stamens & carpels.