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Unit 12: Animal Systems Why is a sponge even an animal? The “Big 5” for Animals • • • • • Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Motile No cell walls Organ systems work together Why do animals need these? • • • • • Muscular – movement Skeletal – support; what muscles pull on Circulatory – transport of substances Nervous – control Immune – fight disease Why do animals need these? • • • • • Respiratory – gas exchange Endocrine – control (hormones) Digestive – break down food Urinary – remove cell wastes Reproductive – produce offspring Invertebrate Evolution I can haz cheezburger? (Animals like to eat!) • Intracellular digestion – Within individual cells; food must be tiny – Ex: only sponges do this…it was quickly improved upon! • Extracellular digestion – Within separate cavity (gut), then absorbed into cells; ex: all other animals! Symmetry = complexity of motion & nerve control • Asymmetry – No symmetry – ex:sponges: non-motile – why bother?) • Radial Symmetry – No front/back, only top/bottom – Ex: jellyfish (float…no need for a “face” • Bilateral Symmetry – Front/back/top/bottom (a “face”) – Ex: most other animals • Cephalization – having a head region Symmetry = complexity of motion & nerve control • Bilateral Symmetry – Nerves allow for movement and sensory input • Cephalization – is the centralization of nerve tissue to the head region • Allows better movement • Leads to brain eventually Mouth + Anus = Yes! (good job, nematodes!) • Incomplete digestive system – Only one opening; inefficient! – Ex: jellyfish & flatworms • Complete digestive system – Two openings (mouth & anus) – Ex: all other animals! Invertebrate Evolution Brains! • Allow for maximum control of movement and sensory input/analysis Segmentation • Segments and compartments allow for specialization • Having body sections = don’t have to keep doing same body function all the way through the body Skeletomuscular System • Muscles allow for movement, but only work if they have something rigid to pull on • Accomplished in varied ways throughout the animal world – – – – Water-filled tubes (worms,starfish) Shells (snails, oysters) Exoskeleton (insects, crustaceans) Endoskeleton (bones in vertebrates) Appendages (with joints!) Includes arms, legs, antennae, pincers, etc Allows for better… • movement • prey capture • sensation Invertebrate Evolution Body Coverings (Integument) • Quite diverse - adapted for varied habitats and temperature control – What are each of these well-adapted to? – – – – – Scales Soft, moist skin Dry, scaly skin Feathers Hair/fur Fertilization – Two Strategies • External Fertilization – usually in water (why?) – usually larger #s of offspring (why?) – usually low parental care (why?) • Internal Fertilization – usually smaller #s of offspring (why?) – usually more parental care Adaptations for Land • Fins and flippers for motility – Why wont this work on land? How to fix it? • Limbs (arms/legs) • Gills for gas exchange – Why wont this work on land? How to fix it? • Lungs – air sacs that diffuse gases into blood • Scales for covering – Why wont this work on land? How to fix it? • Skin (continuous covering across body) Amphibians “invent” all of these Adaptations for Land • But, amphibians are still tied to water…why? – Gelatinous eggs (like fish)…so why a problem? How to fix? • Amniotic Egg – Invented by reptiles; Allows for fully living on land – Embryo protected within membranes & shell – Mammals take this a step further by keeping embryo inside the mother (but same idea!) Temp. Control – Two Strategies Ectotherms • Regulate body heat using surroundings (environment) • This limits their habitats (no extremes) • Better in aquatic habitats (why?) • Ex: fish, amphibians, reptiles Endotherms • Make own body heat – how? • Costs much more energy (food) • Allows for more varied habitats Temperature • Why is regulating temperature so important? • Denaturing proteins – broken if too hot • Metabolism rates (Q10) higher with heat Circulatory System • All vertebrates and large invertebrates have blood vessels - Why? – Open circulatory system = no vessels – Closed circulatory system = with vessels Circulatory System • Heart used to pump blood through the body – Fish use 2-chambered hearts • But allows O2-blood to mix with the de-O2 blood – NOT EFFICIENT (but good enough for them) – The best heart has 4 chambers • Keeps the “good” and “bad” blood totally separate • Provides maximum amount of oxygen (especially important for endotherms and large animals!) Circulatory System DIFFUSION Surface Area & Thin Membranes Body systems rely on materials being able to move from one area to another. - why is a thin layer of cells better? - why is more surface area better? Circulatory system links all systems! - capillaries (tiny blood vessels) are thin, so diffusion is easy - wherever diffusion takes place…capillaries are there! More SA = More Exchange Small intestines (villi & microvilli) Lung (alveoli) DIFFUSION across Membranes Digestive - food broken down in tube…mostly absorbed into bloodstream at small intestine - nutrients diffuse from thin VILLI to CAPILLARIES DIFFUSION across Membranes Respiratory - O2 passes thru thin ALVEOLI to CAPS - CO2 passes thru CAPS to ALVEOLI DIFFUSION across Membranes Urinary - wastes move from CAPS to NEPHRONS in kidney What do ALL of these have in common? HOMEOSTASIS All organisms require a stable internal environment. • If something is too low, it’s usually fixed by …? • Why can’t the organism just get the value to the right spot and just leave it there? - cells use up glucose, O2 continuously - wastes are constantly created Stimulus Control Center Response Sense Decide Respond Negative Feedback What is the stimulus? What is the response? Negative Feedback • How do the stimulus and the response relate to each other? The stimulus and response go in OPPOSITE directions. Negative Feedback: Blood Glucose • Insulin – Reduces glucose • Glucagon – Increases glucose How will you know this is negative feedback when you see it? Positive Feedback • How will stimulus and response relate for this type of feedback? The stimulus and response go in the SAME direction. • Do you think this is more or less common than negative feedback? Why? Positive Feedback • Pressure on uterus oxytocin hormone released it tells uterus to contract more more pressure more oxytocin more… • When does the reaction end? Digestive System • Job = break down and absorb food molecules • Most chemical digestion and absorption happens in small intestine • Absorption of molecules – Villi of Small Int blood capillaries Digestive System • Homeostasis = stimulus = stomach empty, ghrelin released response = hungry feeling Respiratory System • Job = breathe (air in/out) and gas exchange (O2 & CO2 to/from blood) • Diaphragm contracts to pull in air (inhale) • Gas exchange – Alveoli of lungs blood capillaries Respiratory System • Homeostasis Stimulus = too much CO2 (more acidic/low pH) Response = breathe more (exhale CO2) Endocrine System • Job = control body functions using hormones • Hormones = chemical signals that control body functions • Useful for “not instant” reactions (takes minuteshours to get a response) • Involves negative or positive feedback Endocrine System • Notice general location of glands – Will focus on hormones related to digestive and reproductive systems – Which organs will that be? Endocrine System: Blood Glucose Pituitary Oxytocin - Pair-bonding - Uterine contractions – Lactation Growth Hormone (GH) – Growth (bone, etc) Endocrine System: Blood Glucose Pancreas • Insulin – Reduces blood-glucose (stores it in liver) • Glucagon – Increases blood-glucose (pulls it from liver) Timing of reproductive events controlled by the Endocrine System • Occurs through whole life, not just at puberty! – ex: growth hormone (GH) lets you grow! • Puberty – hormones from pituitary activate – signal testes/ovaries to start making mature gametes, and produce sex hormones – Males (Testes) = testosterone – Females (Ovaries) – estrogen & progesterone Testosterone - Signals testes to make sperm cells - Allows for male secondary sex characteristics Estrogen Signals ovaries to get egg ready - Allows for female secondary sex characteristics Progesterone - Prepares uterine lining to accept embryo - Shed if no implantation Fertilization & Implantation Why does fertilization have to happen so far up in the tube? At what point does pregnancy occur? Fertilization It takes many sperm to release enough enzymes to break through the eggs covering But, only ONE sperm may actually enter the egg Cell Cleavage (Mitosis) Fetal Development 5 weeks 14 weeks 20 weeks Stages of Birth Immune System • Job = protect body from foreign invaders • Nonspecific defenses = try to block everything • Ex: skin, fever, inflammation, secretions (oil, sweat, acid, mucus, etc) Immune System • Specific defenses = fights against particular bad guys • Ex: T-cells & B-cells and antibodies – recognize specific pathogens and build killer army just to fight that Circulatory System • Job = transport substances throughout body (links all systems) • Heart pumps blood • Arteries, veins, & capillaries carry blood • Exchanges happen through capillaries System Interactions: Energy Production On the cellular level, why do animals need to eat? What system gets the food? To burn that glucose, what gas do they need? What system gets the oxygen? How does the oxygen get to cells? What system carries the blood? Once burned, cells forms wastes…gas & liquid. What gas? How is it carried out? Where does it exit? What liquid? How is it carried? Where does it exit? The End Quiz – Animals #1 • 1. Explain TWO reasons why sponges are a sorry excuse for an animal. • 2. Sponges are very different from most animals. Why are they even classified as animals? Quiz – Animals #1 • 3. All of the following are advantages provided by cephalization EXCEPT – A. better surface on which muscles can pull – B. better sensory control to detect stimuli – C. allows for formation of brain tissues – D. directional motility Quiz – Animals #1 • 4. Jellyfish solve the problem of __, but still have a problem because they __ – A. having no nerve tissue …cannot digest large food particles – B. intracellular digestion …only have one digestive opening – C. the incomplete digestive tube …cannot break down proteins – D. having no head region …are asymmetric Quiz – Animals #1 • 5. The animals shown in the picture below are limited in their choice of habitats because – – A. Their brains are tiny – B. They have an endoskeleton of bone – C. They do not produce very many gametes – D. Their eggs dry out in the air Quiz – Animals #1 • 6. Which reproductive strategy applies to the animals shown here? – A. Spend no energy on reproduction – B. Spend little energy making babies, but lots of energy protecting the young – C. Spend lots of energy making gametes, but no energy raising the babies that form – D. Spend lots of energy producing many gametes and protecting the babies that form Quiz – Animals #1 • 7. Invertebrates with brains, segmentation, and jointed appendages would most likely be A. Molluscs B. Annelids C. Arthropods D. Nematodes • 8. An invertebrate that has segments but lacks an exoskeleton would most likely be a(an) A. Jellyfish B. Sponges C. Snails D. Earthworms Quiz – Animals #1 • 9. Complete the analogy Gymnosperms: Seeds :: Reptiles: ___ A. Amniotic eggs B. Internal fertilization C. Scaly skin D. Ectothermy • 10. Which has the most difficulty regulating its body temperature on a daily basis? A. goldfish B. lizard C. parrot D. mouse Grade It! • Switch books • Only mark it if it is wrong • Write grade at top and circle it Quiz – Animals #1 • 1. Explain TWO reasons why sponges are a sorry excuse for an animal. – Non-motile (mostly) -- no head region/bad motion – Intracellular digestion -- no gut/ no digestive system • 2. Sponges are very different from most animals. Why are they even classified as animals? – Multicellular – Heterotrophic – No cell wall OR – Multicellular – No cell wall OR – Heterotrophic – Motile (larvae) OR – Multicellular – Motile (larvae) Quiz – Animals #1 • 3. All of the following are advantages provided by cephalization EXCEPT – A. better surface on which muscles can pull – B. better sensory control to detect stimuli – C. allows for formation of brain tissues – D. directional motility Quiz – Animals #1 • 4. Jellyfish solve the problem of __, but still have a problem because they __ – A. having no nerve tissue …cannot digest large food particles – B. intracellular digestion …only have one digestive opening – C. the incomplete digestive tube …cannot break down proteins – D. having no head region …are asymmetric Quiz – Animals #1 • 5. The animals shown in the picture below are limited in their choice of habitats because – – A. Their brains are tiny – B. They have an endoskeleton of bone – C. They do not produce very many gametes – D. Their eggs dry out in the air Quiz – Animals #1 • 6. Which reproductive strategy applies to the animals shown here? – A. Spend no energy on reproduction – B. Spend little energy making babies, but lots of energy protecting the young – C. Spend lots of energy making gametes, but no energy raising the babies that form – D. Spend lots of energy producing many gametes and protecting the babies that form Quiz – Animals #1 • 7. Invertebrates with brains, segmentation, and jointed appendages would most likely be A. Molluscs B. Annelids C. Arthropods D. Nematodes • 8. An invertebrate that has segments but lacks an exoskeleton would most likely be a(an) A. Jellyfish B. Sponges C. Snails D. Earthworms Quiz – Animals #1 • 9. Complete the analogy Gymnosperms: Seeds :: Reptiles: ___ A. Amniotic eggs B. Internal fertilization C. Scaly skin D. Ectothermy • 10. Which has the most difficulty regulating its body temperature on a daily basis? A. goldfish B. lizard C. parrot D. mouse Quiz – Animals #1 • • • • • • • • • • Missed -0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -- Grade 100 93 86 79 72 65 58 51 44