Download Chapter 4, Monarchs of Europe, 1500-1800

Changes in
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1500–1820
CHAPTER 4
Monarchs of Europe
1500–1800
CHAPTER 5
Enlightenment and
Revolution
1600–1800
CHAPTER 6
The French Revolution
and Napoleon
1770–1820
Louis XVI at Reims, by Gabriel-Francois Doyen, c. 1700s
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Beginning in the 1500s, scientists began
developing new ways to study the world
through the use of observation and reason.
Enlightenment ideas led to new ways of
thinking about personal freedoms and rights
and about the progress of humanity.
This painting shows nobles
bowing to King Louis XVI of
France.
Enlightenment thought also influenced the
structure of democratic governments in the
United States and France.
133
C HAPTER
1500–1800
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Throughout the 1500s,
global discoveries and
exploration brought new
wealth and prestige to Europe’s monarchs.
Kings, queens, and emperors ruled with few
limits on their power. Over the next three
centuries, their power was challenged by
internal problems, rebellions, and wars.
California Standards
History-Social Science
7.9 Students analyze the developments of the Reformation.
10.2 Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution,
the American Revolution, and the French Revolution.
Charles II’s Cavalcade through the City of London,
22nd April, 1661, by Dirck Stoop, 1662
Æ
1519
Æ
Charles V begins
rule of the Holy
Roman Empire.
1547
Ivan IV
becomes
czar of
Russia.
1572
Huguenots die in the
Saint Bartholomew’s
Day Massacre.
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1501
Amerigo Vespucci
explores the coast of Brazil.
134
CHAPTER 4
1588
England defeats
the Spanish
Armada.
1653
The Thirty
Years’ War
Oliver Cromwell
is named Lord
Protector in
England.
1618–1648
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1526
1603
1620
Babur founds the
Mughal Empire in India.
Tokugawa Ieyasu becomes
shogun of Japan.
The Pilgrims land on the
Massachusetts coast.
History's Impact video program
Watch the video to understand the impact of
Spain’s Golden Century.
Reading
like a
Throughout the centuries
from 1500 to 1800, monarchs liked to display their grandeur. In this painting,
Charles II of England parades through London the
day before he is crowned.
Historian
1714
1762
The War of the Spanish
Succession ends.
Catherine the Great
becomes czarina of Russia.
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1707
1776
The Mughal Empire of India
begins to disintegrate.
The British colonies of North America
declare their independence.
Analyzing Visuals What do you think historians
can learn from this painting?
See Skills Handbook, p. H26
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
135
GEOGRAPHY
Starting Points
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European monarchs,
some of whom are pictured above, began to
increase their power in about 1500. The kings,
queens, emperors, and empresses had conflicting
goals, though. As a result, wars were common.
This map of Europe in 1650 gives clues to some
of the issues these monarchs faced.
136
CHAPTER 4
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Philip II
(1527–1598)
wanted to spread
the Roman Catholic
faith and conquer
England.
Maria Theresa
(1717–1780) wanted to
strengthen Austria and
reclaim lost territory.
4QBJOBOEJUTQPTTFTTJPOT
1. Analyze How might the location of
Spain’s possessions have been both
an advantage and a disadvantage for
Spain?
2. Predict Based on the map and the monarchs’ goals described in the captions,
what conflicts do you think developed?
Where do you think wars broke out?
Listen to History
Go online to listen to an
explanation of the starting
points for this chapter.
go.hrw.com
Keyword: SHL MON
SECTION
>;ÆEM;HÆE<ÆF7?D
BEFORE YOU READ
CALIFORNIA
READING FOCUS
KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE
Spain experienced a
golden age during the
1500s, but economic
problems and military
struggles decreased
Spanish power by the
1600s.
1. What challenges did King
Charles I face when he
became Emperor Charles V?
2. What were some artistic
achievements of Spain’s
golden age?
3. How did Spain rise and then
decline under Philip II?
absolute monarch
divine right
Charles V
Peace of Augsburg
Philip II
El Greco
Diego Velázquez
Miguel de Cervantes
Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz
Spanish Armada
7.9.5 Analyze
how the CounterReformation revitalized the Catholic
Church and the
forces that fostered
the movement.
Fasti Farnesiani, by Taddeo Zuccari, c. 1560s
MAIN IDEA
5IF,*/(PG41"*/
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Why did the king of Spain speak
no Spanish? In 1516, a thin and sickly
16-year-old boy named Charles became
king of Spain. In some ways, Charles would not seem to be
a likely candidate for the Spanish throne. After all, he was
born in Belgium, raised by Austrian relatives, and grew up
speaking French. When Charles became king, his ignorance
of the Spanish language made him a foreigner in the eyes
of the Spanish. Charles proved to everyone that he could
learn quickly, though. He mastered Spanish along with
other languages. In fact, Charles is said to have spoken
“Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men, and German to his horse.” He needed all those languages, because
Charles became not only king of Spain but also Holy Roman
Emperor. In that role, he ruled an empire that stretched
across much of Europe.
The King Becomes Emperor
In 1516 the teenaged Charles became King Charles I of
Spain. Although he was inexperienced, Charles had at
least one kingly trait. As a member of the ancient and
powerful Hapsburg family, he was prepared to rule as an
absolute monarch—a ruler whose power was not limited
by having to consult with the nobles, common people,
or their representatives. Moreover, absolute monarchs
generally believed that they ruled by divine right. This
concept held that the monarchs received their power
from God and therefore must not be challenged. From
about 1500 through the 1700s, absolute monarchs tried
to impose their will across much of Europe and even to
lands far beyond. In Spain, Charles struggled to keep
the territories within his empire under control.
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
137
"DIJFWFNFOUTJO"SUBOE-JUFSBUVSF
Plate made of
gold acquired in
the Americas
View of Toledo, by El Greco, c. 1597
Spain’s prominence in European affairs in the 1500s and
1600s is reflected in the important role it had in art and
literature. How might wealth from the Americas have
affected Spain’s artistic achievements?
Stormy skies over Toledo in an El Greco painting
Charles V and the Empire When Charles
Take notes to
record examples
of Spain’s
strengths and
weaknesses during the 1500s
and 1600s.
Strengths
Weaknesses
ACADEMIC
VOCABULARY
region an area
with one or more
common features
138
CHAPTER 4
became king of Spain, his territory also included
the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, along with colonies in the Americas.
He had inherited all these lands. Then in 1519
the throne of the Holy Roman Empire became
vacant. The position was elective, so Charles
borrowed money to buy the votes. He became
Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V. As a result,
his holdings expanded to parts of Italy, Austria, and various German states. The resulting
empire was so vast that Charles liked to say
the “sun never set” over it.
Ruling all the separate states was not an
easy task. Charles faced enemies on all sides.
Ottoman Turks, the French, and rebellious
German princes all fought him.
At the same time, Charles was fighting for
religious control over Europe. As Holy Roman
Emperor, Charles wanted Europe to be Roman
Catholic. His power was closely connected to
the power of the Catholic Church, so the growing Protestant movement threatened his influence. In 1521 Charles confronted Protestant
leader Martin Luther directly, declaring him
an outlaw. In spite of Charles’s efforts, Protestants gained influence, and rebellions against
Catholic rulers spread.
After years of devastating wars between
Catholics and Protestants, Charles V had to
sign the Peace of Augsburg. The agreement,
signed in 1555, gave each German prince the
right to decide whether his state would be
Catholic or Protestant. Thus, Charles’s vision
of a Catholic Europe never became reality.
Moreover, constant warfare had brought him
to the brink of bankruptcy.
Charles V achieved more success in the
Americas than he did in Europe. During his
reign, Spanish explorers claimed much of the
Americas for Spain. Among the explorers he
supported were Hernán Cortés, who conquered
the Aztec Empire, and Francisco de Coronado,
who explored the American Southwest region.
Within 20 years of those early explorations, silver and gold began to flow from the American
colonies—especially those in Bolivia, Peru, and
Mexico—bringing Spain fabulous wealth.
Dividing the Empire Charles V gave up his
thrones in 1556, frustrated by his failures in
Europe. He decided to divide his large empire
between his brother and his son. His brother
took over the old Hapsburg holdings in Austria.
His son, who became Philip II, ruled the Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, and Spain’s colonies in
the Americas. Charles V lived the rest of his life
in a Spanish monastery, his dream of a unified
empire unfulfilled.
Draw Conclusions In what
ways was Charles V successful as an emperor? In what
ways was he unsuccessful?
The painter can be seen before his
easel in this scene of court life.
Las Meninas, or The Maids in Waiting, by Diego Velázquez, c. 1656
Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz with
the small picture that was part
of her nun’s habit, or clothing
The title page of the first
edition of Don Quixote
Artistic Achievements
Spain under Philip II
Just as Spain exerted political power, it also
influenced European culture. From about 1550
to 1650 Spain had a golden age, known as the
Golden Century, of artistic achievement.
Spain reached the peak of its grandeur during
the reign of Philip II. One reason for this prosperity was the steady stream of gold and silver
that flowed from its American colonies. With
this immense wealth, Spain’s power grew considerably. Eventually, though, American gold
could not solve Spain’s problems.
Art One of the most prominent painters
was a Greek, Domenicos Theotocopoulos, who
became known as El Greco. Much of his work
was religious and reflected Spain’s central role
in the Counter-Reformation. El Greco’s style is
famous for elongated human figures.
Another Spanish painter, Diego Velázquez,
created masterpieces that portray people of all
social classes with great dignity. Velazquez had
the privilege of being the court painter.
Literature The Spanish golden age also produced fine writers, the greatest being Miguel de
Cervantes. His most famous work, Don Quixote
de la Mancha, is about a man who is caught
between the medieval and modern worlds.
Writers in Spain’s colonies also produced
works of merit. A Mexican nun named Sister
Juana Ines de la Cruz wrote poetry, prose, and
plays. Church officials criticized Sister Juana
for some of her ideas, for example, her belief
that women had a right to education.
Summarize What were
some achievements of Spain’s Golden Century?
Religion and Revolt Like his father, King
Philip II was a devout Catholic and saw himself as a leader of the Counter-Reformation.
A chance to spread Catholicism came when
Philip married Queen Mary I of England, who
was also Catholic. She died, though, before
she could give birth to an heir who could have
returned England to the Catholic faith.
Philip also wanted to secure the position of
Catholicism in his European territories. But his
faith clashed with the Calvinist Protestantism
that was spreading through the northern provinces of the Low Countries (the Netherlands,
Belgium, and Luxembourg). A bloody revolt
began in the 1560s when the Dutch refused to
declare allegiance to Philip. To punish them, he
sent an army under the command of the Duke
of Alba. Alba set up a court, known locally as
the Court of Blood, that tortured and executed
thousands of people suspected of being rebels.
Such cruelties only made the situation worse,
and rebellion broke out anew.
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
139
The revolt dragged on for decades. Finally,
in 1609, a truce was reached. The seven northern provinces formed the independent nation
of the Netherlands, while the southern provinces remained in Spanish hands.
Spain and England Long before the Dutch
revolt ended, it had deepened another rivalry.
That conflict was between Spain and England.
As fellow Protestants, the English had sent
aid to the Dutch rebels. England’s assistance
to the Dutch infuriated Philip, but he was also
worried about English attacks on his ships.
England’s Queen Elizabeth I was allowing her
ship captains to attack Spanish treasure ships
coming from America. These ship captains,
known as the sea dogs, stole the gold and silver
for England. Sir Francis Drake was one of the
most infamous sea dogs. Drake even destroyed
30 ships in a Spanish harbor.
King Philip II wanted to stop England from
raiding his ships and to return England to the
Catholic Church, from which it had broken in
1534. He decided to invade England.
Philip ordered his navy to assemble a great
fleet, the Spanish Armada. It totaled about 130
ships and 20,000 soldiers and sailors. The fleet,
which was called invincible, or unbeatable,
sailed into the English Channel in 1588. Queen
Elizabeth I rallied her troops, and the English
prepared for attack.
The Spanish had packed the ships with
soldiers for a land invasion. They had also
SECTION
planned to be joined by Spanish forces in the
Netherlands. Instead, they faced a series of
fierce naval battles that severely damaged
their fleet. Then, the English set eight ships on
fire and aimed them at the remaining ships of
the Armada. In panic and disarray, the Spanish ships fled before the English fireships. As
the damaged ships made their way home the
long way around, several were wrecked. King
Philip’s Armada was not invincible.
An Empire in Decline The defeat of the
Armada was not the end for Spain, which
recovered from the loss. But England remained
Protestant, defiant, and undefeated.
Spain’s real problems were internal. Philip’s government was so centralized that he
insisted on approving every decision himself.
In addition, because Philip trusted no one, the
court was riddled by factions and suspicion. As
a result, government action practically came to
a standstill. Moreover, Philip spent the wealth
from the Americas on constant warfare. It was
never enough, though—he borrowed money
often and went bankrupt four times. The
flood of American gold and silver also drove
up prices, leading to inflation. Nor did Spain
develop industries, relying instead on its traditional agricultural economy. Therefore, the
economy lagged behind that of other countries.
Spain gradually declined as a major power.
Recall What were two
events that caused problems for Spain?
7.9.5
go.hrw.com
ASSESSMENT
Online Quiz
Keyword: SHL MON HP
Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People
Critical Thinking
1. a. Define Write a brief definition of the following terms:
4. Identify Cause and Effect Use your notes and a graphic
3. a. Recall What region of Spain’s European territories
rebelled, starting in the 1560s?
b. Explain Why did Philip II want to invade England?
c. Evaluate A Spanish official in the Americas is said to have
commented, “If Death had to come from Spain, I would live
forever.” What was the official implying?
140
CHAPTER 4
Rise
organizer like the one below to describe the rise and decline
of the Spanish empire, paying particular attention to the role
that strengths and weaknesses played.
Spanish
Empire
Decline
absolute monarch, divine right.
b. Explain How did Charles I become Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V?
c. Analyze How did the size of his empire affect the rule of
Charles V?
2. a. Identify Who were El Greco and Diego Velázquez?
b. Infer Why might church officials have been particularly
critical of some works by Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz?
LS2.1
5. Narration Imagine that you are a Spanish or English sailor
who survived the Spanish Armada’s attempted invasion of
England. Prepare and deliver the tale you tell other sailors
when you return home.
Interactive
ROUTE OF THE ARMADA
A series of battles in the English Channel had
weakened the Armada. Then, when the English
launched fireships at the enemy, some of the
Spanish sailors cut their anchor lines so they could
escape. It was a fateful decision, because the Spanish ships were then at the mercy of storms in the
North Atlantic, and many ships were wrecked. This
illustration combines several events into one scene.
Storms were perhaps the
Spaniards’ worst foes. Many
ships wrecked off the coasts
of Ireland and Scotland.
¡
The Wreck of the
Spanish Armada
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Rebels closed the
Dutch harbor where
Spanish ships were
waiting to launch a
second force against
England.
The Spanish sailors
were already suffering
from overcrowding,
hunger, and disease by
the time they encountered the English.
The English set fire to ships
rigged so that their cannons
would fire automatically.
A?BBI
INTERPRETING VISUALS
Analyze What tactics did the English use against
the Armada? How did those tactics, combined
with poor weather, defeat the Armada?
go.hrw.com
Go online for a closer look
at survival and this event.
COULD YOU
HAVE SURVIVED?
Keyword: SHL MON
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
141
SECTION
8IEBKJ;ÆED7H9>OÆÆ
7D:ÆH7D9;Æ
BEFORE YOU READ
MAIN IDEA
CALIFORNIA
READING FOCUS
KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE
Henry IV, Louis XIII, and
1. How did Henry IV end France’s
Louis XIV strengthened the
wars of religion?
French monarchy, with Louis 2. How did Louis XIII and CardiXIV setting the example of
nal Richelieu strengthen the
an absolute monarch for the
French monarchy?
rest of Europe.
3. What were the main events in
the monarchy of Louis XIV?
Why did the streets of Paris
run with blood? It was August 24,
1572, the Catholic feast day of Saint
Bartholomew. Many Protestant nobles were in Paris for
the wedding of Henry of Navarre, a Protestant nobleman,
to Marguerite de Valois, a Catholic princess. The marriage
was supposed to calm the hostilities between Catholics and
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Huguenot
Saint Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre
Henry IV
Edict of Nantes
Louis XIII
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIV
War of the Spanish Succession
Treaty of Utrecht
7.9.5 Analyze
how the CounterReformation revitalized the Catholic
church and the forces
that fostered the
movement.
Protestants that had been tearing France apart. But just two
days before, Catherine de’ Medici, the queen of France and
the bride’s mother, had ordered the murder of a prominent
Protestant leader. The attempt failed, but then Catherine
had another idea. While so many Protestants were in the
city, she ordered their massacre. Just before dawn on August
24, the killing began, with a bloodbath as the result.
In Paris alone,
some 3,000
Protestants
were killed
in the Saint
Bartholomew’s
Day Massacre.
St. Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre in Paris, artist
unknown, c. 1572
142
CHAPTER 4
Religious War and Henry IV
Soon after the Protestant Reformation began
in Germany, it spread to France. By the 1560s,
about one in ten French men and women was
a Huguenot (HYOO-guh-NAHT), or French Calvinist Protestant. Many noble families were
Huguenots. Such a large number of Protestants, especially among the nobles, threatened
the Catholic French monarchy. The monarchy
adhered to the idea that all loyal citizens of
France should share un roi, une loi, une foi—
“one king, one law, one religion.” The religious
conflict was a challenge to absolute monarchy.
Conflict and a New King Just as wars
between Catholics and Protestants shook Germany, in France fighting broke out between
Catholics and Huguenots in 1562 and raged
for years. Hostilities took a particularly horrible turn in 1572, when the Catholic queen
of France ordered the killing of Huguenots in
Paris. Her assassins started with the Huguenot nobles who were in the city for the wedding
of Henry of Navarre, a French nobleman. The
event became known as the Saint Bartholomew’s
Day Massacre. From Paris, the violence spread
to other parts of France. Estimates of the final
death toll range from 10,000 to 70,000.
Henry of Navarre escaped death by denying his religion. Years later, he was in line to
become king, but as a Huguenot in a heavily
Catholic country, he had to fight Catholic troops
to claim the throne. Finally, in 1593 Henry
won acceptance by converting to Catholicism
and was crowned Henry IV. According to some
accounts, he explained his conversion by saying, “Paris is well worth a mass.”
Compromise and Progress Henry knew
that a compromise was needed to restore peace.
In 1598 he granted some rights to Huguenots
by issuing the Edict of Nantes (NAHNT). It gave
Huguenots limited freedom of worship. Among
other freedoms granted was the right of
Huguenots to hold office and to rule 200 towns
where they were already in the majority.
At the time, the Edict of Nantes was a
remarkable document in that it represented a
clear break with the conformity of the past. No
longer were all the people forced to follow the
monarch’s religion. The concept of “one king,
one law, one religion” was no longer in effect.
French Catholics accepted the edict because
it ended the religious wars but still declared
Catholicism the official religion of France. In
addition, the edict required that Huguenots
support the Catholic Church financially.
Following the edict’s success, King Henry
IV focused on repairing his war-torn country.
A major achievement was improving France’s
financial situation. Henry eliminated France’s
debt and even built up a surplus. He also created new industries, drained swamps, built
canals and roads, stimulated trade, and encouraged agriculture. Over time he became one of
France’s most respected monarchs.
Take notes on
how Henry
IV, Louis XIII,
and Louis XIV
increased the
power of absolute monarchy
in France.
Henry IV
Louis XIII
Louis XIV
Summarize What were some
high points and low points in the life of Henry IV?
Louis XIII and Richelieu
Henry had only about 10 years to enjoy being
king of France. In 1610 a fanatic Catholic
stabbed him while his carriage was stopped in
traffic. The next king, Louis XIII, was very young
when he was crowned. For several years he
depended upon his mother to serve as regent,
that is, to govern in his place.
Once Louis XIII was old enough to rule, a
Catholic churchman named Cardinal Richelieu
(REESH-uhl-oo) became his chief minister and
most trusted adviser. Louis XIII was a relatively weak ruler, but Cardinal Richelieu was
determined to strengthen the monarchy. Doing
so required that its opponents be crushed.
FACES OF HISTORY
Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu,
was determined to
strengthen the mon1585–1642
archy and France. He
used ruthless methods
to fulfill his goal. To weaken the nobility’s military power, Cardinal
Richelieu demanded that all fortified castles not necessary for the
defense of France be torn down. The nobles protested, but their precious castles were demolished anyway. In addition, Richelieu attacked
the nobles’ political power by appointing only local officials who supported the king. For some positions, he even appointed middle-class
common people who disliked the nobles. These officials knew they
served at his pleasure and behaved accordingly.
Analyze Why would the demolition of the nobles’ castles diminish
their military power?
7H:?D7BÆÆ
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
143
Identify Who did Louis XIII
and Cardinal Richelieu see as their enemies?
The Palace at Versailles
Richelieu died in 1642, and Louis XIII died one
year later. In 1643 the son of Louis XIII was
crowned Louis XIV. History’s best example of an
absolute monarch, Louis led France during a
time of great power, prosperity, and glory. His
reign had a lasting impact on France—both
positive and negative.
Rise of the Sun King Like his father, Louis
XIV became king, with his mother as regent, at
a very young age. A churchman named Cardinal Mazarin, who became chief minister after
Cardinal Richelieu, provided advice.
Louis was raised to be king. From childhood,
he was taught all the skills that a king would
eventually need—from interviewing foreign
ambassadors and interpreting state papers to
hunting and dancing.
The young king was quite different from his
father. For example, he was supremely confident in his ability to rule. When Cardinal Mazarin died, Louis XIV, who was only 18 years old,
declared that he would run the government
himself. He declared, “L’état, c’est moi,” meaning “I am the state.” Louis chose the sun as
his personal symbol, implying that the world
revolved around him. He thus became known
as the Sun King.
The king pointing to
plans for Versailles
View of Versailles,
artist unknown, 1668
The royal family and some 10,000
officials, servants, and nobles lived
at Versailles—making the place
more a city than a palace.
The Monarchy of Louis XIV
144
CHAPTER 4
Louis XIV, artist unknown, 1600s
Both Louis XIII and Richelieu wanted to
reduce the recently won power of the Huguenots. To teach the Huguenots a lesson, in 1627
Richelieu used a situation at La Rochelle, a
Huguenot port city. The people of La Rochelle
had sided with English forces that had taken
a nearby island. Richelieu’s troops laid siege
to the walled city, cutting off its supplies. After
14 months, the starving citizens surrendered.
Richelieu ordered the city walls to be torn down
and all the city’s churches to become Catholic.
His victory was a signal to all Huguenots that
resistance to the monarchy carried risks.
Richelieu and the king also saw the nobles
as a threat, so Richelieu turned to suppressing
them. His spies uncovered a series of planned
revolts by some nobles. Punishments were
severe. For example, Richelieu had three prominent nobles publicly executed for treason.
As the king’s chief minister, Richelieu also
directed foreign policy. The Thirty Years’ War,
about which you will read more later, pitted Catholics against Protestants in Central
Europe. Because he wanted to bring down the
Hapsburg family, which led the Catholic side of
the conflict, Richelieu involved France on the
side of the Protestants.
HISTORY
&Economics
Making Economic
Decisions
Making economic decisions requires balancing
benefits and costs. Often a decision has costs
that one does not see at first. When you spend
money on one thing, you cannot spend that
money on something else. Those things that
one cannot have as a result of an economic
decision are called opportunity costs.
BUILDING VERSAILLES
COSTS
BENEFITS
• Cost five percent of the
country’s annual revenue
• Created resentment
among the people
• Helped cause revolution
years later
• Kept court safer from
Paris crowds
• Was clear symbol
of king’s power
• Allowed the king to keep
the nobles in check
Economic Decisions in History Louis XIV
faced opportunity costs when he decided to
spend so much money on building the palace
at Versailles. A major cost was in lost goodwill.
The French people felt resentment when they
saw their money going to build a huge, grand
palace while they paid high taxes and sometimes went hungry. This resentment would
help cause a revolution years later.
buy the latest electronic gadget when it first
comes on the market. Should you rush out to
buy it, or should you wait for the price to come
down? Either decision carries opportunity costs.
Buying now means spending money that you
could use for a long-term goal, such as building
your college fund. Buying later means giving
up the pleasure you might get from joining the
newest fad.
Economic Decisions and Your Life Your
economic decisions have opportunity costs,
too. Consider the decision of whether or not to
Explain Why should you consider opportunity
costs when making economic decisions?
Absolutism at Versailles For the rest of
his long reign, Louis XIV retained absolute
power. He began a tradition of absolute monarchy in France that would last for more than
a century. Louis demanded that he be in charge
of all military, political, and economic initiatives. The religion of his subjects was also to be
under his direct control.
By drawing so much power to himself and
the central government, Louis deprived the
nobles of influence. They declined further in
status when Louis built an enormous palace at
Versailles (ver-SY), a few miles outside of Paris,
and required that his nobles visit him there
regularly. Nobles gained prestige by becoming
servants in the king’s Versailles court instead
of by fighting or building local influence far
from Paris. In addition, Louis urged the nobles
to develop expensive new habits of dressing,
dining, and gambling. As the nobles thus grew
The decision
to build Versailles
had both costs
and benefits.
poorer, they had to depend on the king’s generosity just to survive.
An immense complex of buildings and gardens, Versailles was a grand spectacle of kingly
power. Louis XIV’s style and ceremony emphasized his political strength. Practically every
moment of the king’s day required rituals performed by bowing courtiers. Eating, dressing,
walking in the garden—all required a ritual.
And Louis always knew who had given what
he considered proper attention, as described in
one courtier’s memoir.
HISTORY’S VOICES
If anyone habitually living at Court absented him“self
he insisted on knowing the reason; those who
came there only for flying visits had also to give
a satisfactory explanation; any one who seldom
or never appeared there was certain to incur his
displeasure.
”
—Duc de Saint-Simon, The Court of Louis XIV, 1746
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
145
Louis and Protestantism Another way
that Louis established absolute monarchy was
by smashing the power of the Huguenots once
and for all. Since the reign of Henry IV, the
Edict of Nantes had protected the Huguenots.
For all Richelieu’s efforts, even he had not been
able to eliminate that protection.
In 1685 Louis made his move. He revoked,
or canceled, the edict and outlawed Protestantism in his realm. Over 200,000 Huguenots fled
France, including many prosperous merchants
and artisans. The loss of their skills and wealth
helped cause a financial crisis.
READING
SKILLS
Connecting How
does the War of the
Spanish Succession
connect to other
problems related to
succession about
which you have
already read?
SECTION
Money and the Military Louis’s finances
were always a matter of concern because the
grand lifestyle he demanded required a great
deal of money. The treasury was saved primarily by the efficient policies of the minister of
finance, Jean-Baptiste Colbert (kawl-BER). Colbert limited imports and increased exports. In
addition, he simplified the tax system. Colbert
even reduced the government’s debt. Still,
Louis always wanted more money.
Louis needed cash to fulfill his greatest
ambition—to build up the military and expand
French territory. He succeeded in this goal, certainly, by enlarging the army from some 70,000
men to more than 200,000 disciplined soldiers.
Louis also spent money on good equipment for
his new army. With this mighty force, Louis
became the most powerful ruler in Europe,
taking France into war four times.
War over a Throne Louis XIV wanted
to increase his power beyond the borders of
France. He went to war to reclaim territory
that France had lost, but his wars cost France
dearly. In fact, they cost so much that Louis
had to melt down royal silver to pay for army
supplies. The most costly of his wars was the
War of the Spanish Succession. It began when
the Spanish king died without an heir. Three
rulers claimed that they should name the successor. Louis was one of the three, because he
wanted the Spanish throne for his oldest son.
The other European monarchs did not want
France and Spain to be so closely connected.
Such an alliance could cause economic and
political problems for several countries. Therefore, in 1701 England, the Netherlands, and
the Holy Roman Empire went to war against
France. Fighting was not limited to Europe. In
North America, the conflict was connected to a
phase of the French and Indian Wars.
After many defeats, in 1713 Louis accepted
the Treaty of Utrecht. Although the treaty said
that Louis’s grandson got the Spanish throne,
it also said that France and Spain would never
be ruled by the same monarch. Louis also had
to give up most of the territory he had taken.
The war benefited England at the expense of
France and Spain. Despite the setback, Louis
XIV remained in power until his death in
1715—still an absolute monarch.
Find the Main Idea What
were some main events during Louis XIV’s reign?
7.9.5
go.hrw.com
ASSESSMENT
Online Quiz
Keyword: SHL MON HP
Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People
Critical Thinking
1. a. Define Write a brief definition of the following terms:
4. Sequence Copy the graphic organizer below and use it to
Huguenot, Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, Edict of
Nantes.
b. Sequence List in order the major events in the conflict
between French Huguenots and Catholics.
c. Elaborate Attributed to Henry IV is the quotation, “Paris is
well worth a mass.” What does this statement mean?
2. a. Identify Who was Cardinal Richelieu, and why was he
significant?
b. Interpret What were the effects of the siege of La
Rochelle?
3. a. Identify What was Versailles? Why was it important?
b. Explain What did Louis XIV mean by “L’état, c’est moi”?
c. Evaluate How could Louis XIV have improved his legacy?
146
CHAPTER 4
describe how the power of the French monarchy increased
under Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV.
Henry IV
Louis XIII
Louis XIV
W2.1
5. Description Study the illustrations in this section. Then write
a brief description of either the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre or the palace that Louis XIV built at Versailles. Use details
that will help your reader visualize the scene.
SECTION
ED7H9>OÆ?DÆD=B7D:
BEFORE YOU READ
CALIFORNIA
MAIN IDEA
READING FOCUS
KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE
In contrast to the absolute
monarchies of Spain and
France, the English monarchy was limited by Parliament; following a civil war,
Parliament became even
more powerful.
1. How did the Tudors work with
Parliament?
2. What led the first two Stuart
kings to clash with Parliament?
3. What were the causes and
results of the English Civil War?
4. What happened when monarchy returned to England?
Puritans
Charles I
Royalists
Oliver Cromwell
commonwealth
Restoration
Charles II
William and Mary
Glorious Revolution
constitutional monarchy
ÆÆ
10.2.2 List
the principles of the
Magna Carta, the
English Bill of Rights,
and the American
Declaration of Independence.
How did a queen get her way?
Queen Elizabeth I had a very strong
personality—and it showed in her relationship with England’s Parliament. Early in her reign, the
members of Parliament asked Elizabeth I when she planned
to marry. In response, she told them that she planned to die
without a husband, and that it was none of Parliament’s
business anyway. She was not interested in sharing power
with a king. Elizabeth’s close relationship with Parliament
was assisted by her fierce and obvious love for England. In
her last speech to Parliament she said, “Though you have
had, and may have, many princes more mighty and wise sitting in this seat, yet you never had, nor shall have, any that
will be more careful and loving.” Later monarchs would not
be as close to Parliament, or so skillful in dealing with it.
Portrait of Elizabeth I, by unknown artist, 1500s
The Tudors and Parliament
Two prominent members of the Tudor dynasty, Henry
VIII and his daughter Elizabeth I, ruled during the time
when absolutism was common on the European continent. In England, though, Parliament placed curbs on
absolute monarchy. Both father and daughter had to
learn how to work with Parliament to fulfill their goals
for England.
Queen Elizabeth at the height of
her glory, as shown by the richness of
her clothing and jewels
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
147
Henry VIII created the Protestant Church
of England so he could divorce his first wife.
To effect the split with the Roman Catholic
Church, Henry had Parliament pass laws ending the power of the pope in England. In 1534
the Act of Supremacy named the king as the
head of the Church of England.
After Henry’s death and the short reign of his
son Edward, Henry’s daughter Mary I became
queen. Often called Bloody Mary, she briefly
made England Catholic again. When Mary
died in 1558, Elizabeth was crowned queen and
returned England to the Anglican, or English
Protestant, Church. Parliament helped her do
so by passing laws that favored Protestantism.
Tension developed between Parliament
and the queen when Parliament pressured her
to marry so that she would have an heir to the
throne. She refused, knowing that marriage to
either an Englishman or a foreigner could limit
her freedom. Still, she managed to talk Parliament into approving the funds she needed.
A major reason for Elizabeth’s good relationship with Parliament was her willingness
to let the members speak their minds without
fear of punishment. Her close ties to Parliament show in the fact that she called it into
session 10 times during her 45-year reign.
Parliament
Monarchy
As you read, take
notes to record
details about the
decreasing power
of the monarchy
and increasing
power of Parliament.
?DA?D=
While Elizabeth was clearly in charge, she
had some difficulty keeping her subjects from
questioning her actions. For example, in 1601
one of her favorite courtiers, the Earl of Essex,
rebelled against the queen’s authority. He
asked publicly, “Cannot princes err? Cannot
subjects receive wrong? Is an earthly power or
authority infinite?” Essex was tried and executed, but he was not the last to question the
English monarch’s authority.
Recall What did Henry VIII
and Elizabeth I work with Parliament to do?
The Stuarts and Parliament
The Tudors’ success with Parliament was not
repeated by their successors. When Elizabeth I
died in 1603, a relative of the Tudors from Scotland became king. James I was the first member of the Stuart dynasty to rule in England.
His view of absolute monarchy caused conflict
with Parliament.
James I Clashes with Parliament James
faced problems from the start. He believed
firmly in the divine right of kings and wanted
to rule as an absolute monarch. But wars waged
E:7O
>;ÆH?J?I>ÆED7H9>O
Should the United Kingdom still
have a king or queen? Ever since the
conflict between king and Parliament
in the 1600s, the monarch has had a
restricted role in the government.
Critics of the monarchy sometimes
claim that the royal family is an expensive luxury. Monarchy’s defenders reply
that Queen Elizabeth II’s wealth—perhaps about $500 million—allows her
to pay her own way. Her accountants
agree. In 2006 a report from the office
of Royal Public Finances stated that
Queen Elizabeth II and her family cost
each citizen of the United Kingdom only
about $1.13 per year. In addition, the
monarchy’s supporters point out that
the tourist industry, which is worth more
148
CHAPTER 4
than $300 billion per year, would suffer
if the romance of royalty were eliminated. Elizabeth II can also sometimes
defuse a touchy situation with other
heads of state, since she does not represent a particular political viewpoint.
Perhaps the best argument for the
monarchy is its power as a symbol. It
represents continuity—the ability of
the kingdom’s people to survive centuries of global turmoil and still live in
relative peace with each other.
Draw Conclusions Should the monarchy continue? Why or why not?
Queen Elizabeth II greets crowds
celebrating her eightieth birthday.
by his predecessors, combined with his own
spending, left him low on funds. In addition,
because he was from Scotland, he was considered an outsider. For all of these reasons, he
had difficulty getting along with Parliament.
Although James called Parliament repeatedly
during his reign, he was rarely able to get Parliament to approve all the money he wanted.
As Parliament increased its influence,
another group was starting to make itself
known. The Puritans, a group of strict Calvinists, demanded that the Church of England be
further reformed. They wanted to “purify” the
English church of practices they thought were
still too Catholic. For example, priests still
dressed in elaborate robes, and worshippers
knelt during services.
Another of the Puritans’ goals was to take
power away from church officials. James saw
this stance as a threat to his power because
the church leadership supported him. As a
result, he refused to pass most of the Puritans’
requests for reform. One reform James agreed
to was the publication of an English version
of the Bible that became known as the King
James Bible.
Charles I Defies Parliament When James
I died in 1625, his younger son was crowned
king as Charles I. He was popular at first, but
married a Catholic princess and involved England in military adventures overseas.
In 1628 Charles summoned Parliament to
request money. Parliament refused to grant it
until Charles signed a document, called the
Petition of Right, that placed limits on the
king’s power. Among the document’s provisions
was a statement that the king could not levy
taxes without Parliament’s approval. Nor could
he imprison anyone without legal justification,
force citizens to house soldiers, or declare martial law in peacetime. The Petition of Right was
a direct challenge to absolute monarchy.
When Parliament refused to give him
money again later, Charles taxed the English
people on his own and forced bankers to loan
him money. The members of Parliament were
furious. In response, Charles dismissed Parliament and in 1629 decided to rule without consulting Parliament ever again.
Find the Main Idea Why did
the Stuarts have trouble with Parliament?
The English Civil War
Conflict continued between a king who believed
in absolute monarchy and a Parliament that
saw itself as independent of the king. The conflict became so severe that it led to war and
even the king’s death.
Parliament Reconvened In 1640 Charles
I was badly in debt, thanks to a religious rebellion in Scotland. He finally had to reconvene
Parliament so he could ask for more money.
This session became known as the Long
Parliament because it did not disband for
many years. After being ignored for 11 years,
the members of Parliament were in no mood
to bow to the king’s wishes, and they took the
opportunity to further limit the king’s powers. They demanded that Parliament must be
called at least every three years, and the king
could no longer dismiss Parliament. Charles I
accepted these new rules, but he awaited the
right moment to overturn them.
War with Parliament That moment came
when a radical Puritan group within Parliament moved to abolish the appointment of
bishops in the Anglican Church. The king,
whose power was connected to the power of the
church, was outraged.
For this insult, Charles decided to arrest
the Puritan leaders for treason. He led troops
into the House of Commons to make the arrest,
but the men had already escaped. Now Charles
had given away his intentions to take back
power. Some members of Parliament decided
to rise up against the king. Charles I called
for the support of the English people. Within
months, in 1642, the English Civil War began.
Without funding from Parliament, the king
had to rely on contributions to pay for an army.
His supporters, mainly wealthy nobles, were
called Royalists for their allegiance to his royal
person. On the other side, Parliament could
back its army by voting for funding. Supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads,
from their short, bowl-shaped haircuts, which
contrasted with the Royalists’ long wigs. The
Roundheads included Puritans, merchants,
and some members of the upper classes.
Leading the Roundhead forces was a member of Parliament named Oliver Cromwell. He
had risen to leadership as an army general.
READING
SKILLS
Connecting
How does this
information about
the Puritans
connect to what
you already know
about Puritans in
America?
Today, England’s
monarch is allowed
to enter the Houses of Parliament
only once a year,
to open a session
of Parliament.
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
149
Reading
like a
Historian
"7JFXPG0MJWFS$SPNXFMM
Interpreting Political Cartoons England
faced problems both at home and abroad
during the mid-1600s. Under Charles I, fighting had broken out in Ireland and Scotland.
Oliver Cromwell inherited those tensions—
and expenses. In addition, he had Parliament
pass a law that damaged Dutch trade. A war
with the Dutch was the result. Cromwell was
also in conflict with the Royalists, of course.
Cromwell’s foreign exploits made him
very unpopular in the other countries. In
England, though, Cromwell was popular
enough that in 1657 Parliament offered him
the crown, which he declined. As you study
this Dutch cartoon about Cromwell titled
“The Horrible Tail Man,” consider:
Cromwell is portrayed
in a negative way.
His face is ugly, and
he has a long, fat tail
filled with coins.
• the identities of the characters in the
cartoon
• what the various characters are doing
• where Cromwell’s attention is focused
• the country where it was published
A?BBI
Analysis HR2
READING LIKE A HISTORIAN
1. Details Is Cromwell aware of what is going on
behind him? How does this affect the meaning?
2. Message What was the cartoonist saying about
the impact of Cromwell’s foreign involvements?
A Royalist, a Dutchman,
an Irishman, and a Scot are
cutting off sections of Cromwell’s money-filled tail.
See Skills Handbook, p. H27
In 1644, at the first truly decisive battle of
the war, he led a victory in which 4,000 of the
king’s soldiers died. Cromwell continued to rise
in power until he became commander-in-chief
of Parliament’s army.
The Royalist army was outmatched by
Cromwell’s disciplined troops. In 1646 the
king surrendered. Now in full control, Cromwell dismissed all members of Parliament who
disagreed with him. Those who were left made
up what was called the Rump Parliament.
Trial and Execution Eventually the Rump
Parliament charged the king with treason
and put him on trial. During his trial, Charles
defended himself with great eloquence but
refused to even recognize Parliament’s authority to try him. “I do stand more for the liberty
150
CHAPTER 4
of my people than any here that come to be
my pretended judges,” he declared. In the end,
the king was sentenced to death for treason.
On January 30, 1649, Charles I was publicly
beheaded in front of his own palace—the first
European monarch to be formally tried and
sentenced to death by a court of law. To some
people he was a martyr, to others a tyrant who
got what he deserved.
England under Cromwell For the next
11 years, England’s government changed completely. The House of Commons abolished the
House of Lords and outlawed the monarchy.
England became a commonwealth, which
is a republican government based on the common good of all the people. In 1653 Cromwell
was given the title Lord Protector of England,
Scotland, and Ireland. Although Cromwell was
a skilled leader, he demanded complete obedience. He clamped down on English social life by
closing the theaters and limiting other forms of
popular entertainment.
Cromwell had to deal with foreign issues,
too. He led military expeditions to Scotland and
Ireland. His economic policies led to a war with
the Dutch over trade. To limit Spanish activity
in the Americas, he also warred on Spain.
A Defender of Absolutism Cromwell,
the king’s death, and the war troubled many of
the English people. One of them was Thomas
Hobbes, a Royalist who fled to France during
Cromwell’s rule. Hobbes wrote what is now a
classic work of political science, Leviathan. In
it, Hobbes described humans as being naturally selfish and fearful. Life in nature, he
wrote, was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and
short.” Hobbes argued that people needed an
all-powerful monarch to tell them how to live.
His views sparked controversy during a time
when England was trying to find a balance
between government by the people’s representatives and the monarchy.
Identify Cause and Effect
What were some effects of the English Civil War?
The Monarchy Returns
Hobbes’s ideas reflected the fact that many people were unhappy under Cromwell, especially
when he dismissed Parliament to rule. Attitudes were changing so much that a return to
monarchy became possible.
The Restoration When Cromwell died in
1658, his son took his place. Richard Cromwell
lacked his father’s leadership abilities, though,
and his government collapsed. Eventually Parliament reconvened and voted to bring back the
monarchy—an event known as the Restoration.
In the spring of 1660, Parliament invited
the son of the dead Charles I, also named
Charles, to be the new king. Parliament laid
out certain conditions, which Charles accepted,
along with the invitation. He would be crowned
King Charles II. As he rode into London upon his
return, the people shouted their good wishes.
The writer Samuel Pepys recorded his impressions of the day in his diary:
HISTORY’S VOICES
Great joy all yesterday at London, and at night
“more
bonfires than ever, and ringing of bells, and
drinking of the King’s health upon their knees in
the streets, which methinks is a little too much.
But every body seems to be very joyfull in the
business . . .
”
—The Diary of Samuel Pepys, May 2, 1660
The Reign of Charles II Charles knew
that as king he had to watch his step. When
his policies were opposed, he usually gave in.
Still, he had to address many issues. Conflict
with the Dutch continued. Religious tensions
remained. And the role of Parliament was still
being developed. Charles supported religious
toleration for Catholics, for example, but Parliament insisted upon laws to strengthen the
Church of England.
The Restoration years were a mixture of
positive and negative events. On one hand,
Charles reopened the theaters, with a flowering of English drama as the result. Another
positive event was passage of the Habeas
Corpus Act of 1679. This act guaranteed that
someone accused of a crime had the right to
appear in court to determine if the accused
should be held or released. The act is one of the
most important in English history.
England also suffered setbacks during the
reign of Charles II. In 1665 the bubonic plague
returned, killing perhaps 100,000 people in
London alone. The next year, the Great Fire of
London destroyed large parts of the city—but
also killed the rats that had spread the deadly
plague. After the fire, though, Charles supported public construction projects.
James II Later in Charles’s reign the question of who would succeed him remained. His
brother, James, was next in line, but he was
Catholic. In addition, James had married a
Catholic princess whose Catholic son would
outrank James’s Protestant daughters from
his first marriage. When Charles died in 1685,
James II was crowned king. Many people wondered if another destructive war would follow.
James was not popular. Besides being a
Catholic, he believed wholeheartedly in his
right to rule as an absolute monarch. The English people, however, would no longer tolerate
such a belief.
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
151
PRIMARY SOURCES
The Glorious Revolution In 1688 a group
of nobles invited James’s daughter Mary and
her husband William to become king and queen
of England. William and Mary were both Protestants, living in the Netherlands. James, knowing that it was pointless to fight, fled to France.
Parliament gave the throne to William III and
Mary II as joint rulers. This transfer of power
became known as the Glorious Revolution.
>;ÆD=B?I>Æ?BBÆE<Æ?=>JI
These excerpts from The Bill of Rights illustrate the limits placed on
the monarchy by Parliament. In the document, the members of Parliament made several declarations, including:
1. That the pretended power of suspending laws, or the
execution of laws, by regal authority, without consent
of parliament is illegal. . .
Changes in Government With the Glo-
5. That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king,
and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal. . .
8. That election of members of parliament ought to be
free.
9. That the freedom of speech, and debates or proceedings in parliament, ought not to be impeached or
questioned in any court or place out of parliament.
10. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted.
A?BBI
READING LIKE A HISTORIAN
1. Analyze In the fifth declaration, what does
“petition the king” mean?
2. Draw Conclusions Which of these rights do
we enjoy today?
See Skills Handbook, p. H25
SECTION
rious Revolution, Parliament had essentially
crowned the new king and queen. More important was a document that William and Mary
had to sign before taking the throne—the English Bill of Rights. This document prevented
the monarch from levying taxes without the
consent of Parliament, among many other provisions. Decades later, the Bill of Rights was
reflected in the U.S. Constitution.
The Bill of Rights was central to England’s
growth as a constitutional monarchy, the term
for a monarchy limited by law. The document’s
approval came after decades of dramatic
changes in English government. England had
rejected the concept of an absolute monarch
who supposedly ruled by divine right for a
monarchy ruled by law.
Describe What happened
during the Glorious Revolution?
10.2.2
go.hrw.com
ASSESSMENT
Online Quiz
Keyword: SHL MON HP
Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People
Critical Thinking
1. a. Identify Which monarch separated England from the
5. Identify Cause and Effect Using your notes and a graphic
Roman Catholic Church?
b. Explain Why did Elizabeth I need to get along with the
English Parliament?
2. a. Recall How did the Puritans get their name?
b. Summarize What was the basic conflict between James I
and Parliament?
3. a. Identify When did the English Civil War begin?
b. Explain Why did Charles I have a hard time raising money
for an army, while Parliament did not?
c. Develop Why did the English people differ in their views
on the execution of Charles I?
4. a. Recall What is a constitutional monarchy?
b. Compare and Contrast How were the Restoration and
the Glorious Revolution similar and different?
c. Make Judgments Why is the English Bill of Rights important to both the English and American people?
152
CHAPTER 4
organizer like the one below, identify the causes of the
decreasing power of the monarchy. Add more boxes as
needed.
Cause
Decreased power of the monarchy
Cause
W2.3
6. Exposition Imagine that you are a guide in a museum that
has a copy of the English Bill of Rights. As a handout for
museum visitors, write a brief explanation of the importance
of this document.
THE ARTS AROUND THE WORLD
Music
B7II?97BÆKI?9
What is it? The term “classical music” means different
things to different people. It can describe a certain era
of European music that began in the mid-1700s. Most
people, though, probably think of classical music as
beautiful concert music of any time period played by an
orchestra—a large group of musicians.
Key characteristics:
• Includes many different forms—symphonies, operas,
Maestro Seiji Ozawa conducts the Boston Symphony.
string quartets, art songs sung by individuals, and more
• Involves many different instruments—violins, violas,
cellos, clarinets, horns, drums, pianos, drums, and many more
• Usually performed by highly trained musicians and singers
Franz Joseph Haydn Conducting a String
Quartet by Schmid, artist unknown, no date
Why is it important?
• Classical music expresses the entire range of human emotions, from deep
religious reverence to wild passion.
• It is an always-evolving form of musical expression that incorporates new
instruments and modern topics.
• Although the performers are trained, one does not need to be trained to
enjoy classical music.
Composer Franz Josef Haydn was Austrian but visited London
often. His many musical works inspired later composers.
This is an original score
from one of classical music’s
greatest masters—Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart.
A?BBI
Analysis HI1
INTERPRETING VISUALS
1. Compare and Contrast What do the performances
pictured have in common? How are they different?
2. Rank What modern issues do you think would be
good topics for symphonies or operas?
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
153
SECTION
KB;HIÆE<ÆKII?7Æ
7D:Æ;DJH7BÆKHEF;
BEFORE YOU READ
CALIFORNIA
MAIN IDEA
READING FOCUS
KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE
The czars of Russia struggled with the westernization
of their empire, while powerful families battled for
control of Central Europe.
1. How did Ivan IV strengthen
the Russian monarchy?
2. What reforms did Peter the
Great make in Russia?
3. How did the rule of Catherine the Great affect Russia?
4. What states formed in
Central Europe in the 1600s
and 1700s?
boyars
czar
Ivan IV
Peter the Great
westernization
Catherine the Great
Thirty Years’ War
Treaty of Westphalia
Maria Theresa
Frederick the Great
Analysis HI1
Students show the
connections, causal
and otherwise,
between particular
historical events and
larger social, economic, and political
trends and developments.
Æ
;HH?8B;
154
CHAPTER 4
Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich ‘the Terrible’ (1530–84), by Victor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov, 1897
How did a ruler earn such a
bad reputation? The young Russian
emperor, Ivan IV, seemed reasonable
at first and made several positive reforms. He also went to
war to expand Russia’s territory. When he seized the city of
Kazan, the Russian people gave him the nickname groznyi,
which means “fearsome” or “stern.” However, the word has
also been translated as “terrible.” Ivan’s actions did indeed
become terrible, as he slipped into periods of uncontrollable
rage, suspicion, and violence. Whole towns were burned and
their people sent away. Ivan killed some enemies while they
were in church. He had leading citizens publicly executed
in grisly ways designed to horrify the many witnesses. Ivan
even mortally wounded his own son in an argument. This
incident probably sealed his reputation for all time as “Ivan
the Terrible.”
The Monarchy of Ivan IV
In the 1500s Russia was far behind western Europe
in technological advancement and centralized government. At the time, Russia was run, in effect, by church
officials and boyars, or landowners, usually with conservative viewpoints. Then, in 1546 a young prince claimed
the title of czar (ZAHR) and put Russia on a different
course. The title was a version of the Latin word caesar,
or emperor, the title used by the Romans. The new czar,
whose name was Ivan, intended to rule without limits
on his power. But his own madness created chaos.
Reforms of Ivan IV During the early years
of his rule, Ivan IV made many reforms. He
created a general council that included merchants and lower-level nobles. He also began to
promote military officers on merit rather than
status and drew up a new legal code. These and
similar reforms reduced the boyars’ power.
Ivan also expanded Russia’s borders and
trade. He defeated the Tatars, who had succeeded the Mongols, and expanded Russian
territory east to the Volga River. Controlling
the length of the Volga to the Caspian Sea
increased trade. As a result of such achievements, the years from 1547 to 1563 are known
as Ivan’s “good period.”
Ivan the Terrible During the 1560s, Ivan
changed. It was during this time that his strict
policies and violent actions sealed his reputation as Ivan the Terrible. First, he became suspicious of his closest advisers and sent them
away, killing many of their supporters. When
his wife Anastasia died, he became convinced
that she was murdered and that people were
conspiring against him.
To investigate and punish the opposition,
Ivan created a private police force of some
6,000 men. These men dressed in black and
rode black horses. They controlled almost half
of Russia’s territory in Ivan’s name and brutally punished anyone who spoke out against
the czar’s policies.
Ivan’s harshness continued when in 1565
he seized land from 12,000 boyars. Soon after,
he ordered the killing of thousands of people in
the city of Novgorod because he suspected that
they wanted to separate from Russia. Ivan’s
descent into mental illness seemed complete
when in 1581 he killed his own son, who was
next in line to be czar.
Although it may have been an accident, the
death of Ivan’s son left Russia without an heir
to the throne. As a result, power changed hands
many times. Uncertainty about the succession, economic problems, and foreign invasions
added up to a chaotic period known as the Time
of Troubles. It lasted until 1613, when Michael,
a relative of Ivan’s first wife, was crowned czar.
Michael was the first of the Romanov dynasty,
which ruled Russia until 1917.
Contrast How did the early
rule of Ivan IV differ from his later years?
Peter the Great
About 70 years later, Peter I was crowned czar.
Known later as Peter the Great for his efforts
to transform Russia into a modern state, Peter
had the strength to regain absolute power for
the Russian monarchy.
Early Rule Peter became czar in 1682 while
he was still a child, so his sister insisted on ruling in his place. At the age of 17, Peter removed
his sister from the throne and took power for
himself.
Peter was an impressive man. He was about
six and a half feet tall, and it was said that he
was so strong he could roll up a heavy silver
platter as if it were foil. Peter also had a strong
personality and boundless energy.
One of Czar Peter’s first acts was to storm
Azov, a Black Sea port held by Turks. The
attack was a disaster, but it inspired Peter to
build a navy. Peter labored side-by-side with
thousands of carpenters to build hundreds of
ships. When Peter’s new navy took up the campaign against Azov, the Turks surrendered.
Take notes on
Russia in a chart
like this one,
including changes
in territory, key
people, and key
events. Create
a similar chart for
Central Europe.
Russia
• changes in territory
• key people
• key events
Modernization and Reform As Russia’s
ruler, Peter realized that his country needed to
modernize to catch up with the rest of Europe.
He was determined to bring elements of Western culture to Russia. This process is known as
westernization.
In 1697 Peter began a journey to western
Europe to see for himself what Russia needed
to modernize. He traveled in disguise but was
sometimes recognized anyway. Wherever Peter
went, he learned hands-on skills, especially
shipbuilding. He also recruited European
experts to bring their skills to Russia.
This historic trip was cut short, though, by
a rebellion among the streltsy, a military corps
that also had political influence. Certain that
the streltsy wanted to put his sister back on
the throne, Peter had many members tortured
and then executed. Finally, he disbanded the
streltsy and organized a more modern army.
In addition to modernizing the army, Peter
made many other reforms. He brought the
church under state control, built up Russian
industry, started the first newspaper in Russia, and sponsored new schools. Peter modernized the calendar and promoted officials
based on service instead of their social status.
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
155
St. Petersburg is
Russia’s secondlargest city and is
still a cultural and
educational center.
Peter also supported education, believing that
Russians needed to learn more about science
and other critical fields from the West.
Some reforms were less important but did
affect people’s daily lives. For example, Peter
wanted Russians to adopt European styles of
clothing and grooming. Peter even personally
cut off the boyars’ traditional long coats and
beards so they would look more European. The
boyars resented and resisted such actions.
Through these and other reforms, Peter
tried to impose his will on the Russian people
and make Russia a more modern country.
Although he was not always successful, Peter
the Great is often considered the founder of
modern Russia for his efforts.
FACES OF HISTORY
Founding of St. Petersburg In addition
to his many reforms, Peter also founded a new
city. In the early 1700s, Peter fought Sweden
to acquire a warm-water port. Russia’s other
ports were choked by ice much of the year. A
port farther south on the Baltic Sea would keep
Russia open to western trade all year long and
help connect Russia to the west.
On land he won from Sweden, Peter built a
new capital, St. Petersburg, and Russia’s government was moved to the new city. St. Petersburg featured Western-style architecture,
rather than traditional Russian styles.
Recall Name three ways in
which Peter the Great attempted to westernize Russia.
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This Dutch painting shows Peter in
a casual pose, with
unkempt hair, beard
stubble, and the
clothing of a laborer.
Notice the regal posture, shining armor,
and rich fabrics in
this official portrait.
Portrait of Peter I the Great, by Jean Marc Nattier, 1717
Do these two portraits really show the same person—the
powerful Peter the Great? They do indeed! The portrait
on the left shows him as Peter I, Czar of Russia. On the
right, he is shown as a common Dutch shipbuilder, a disguise he adopted on a trip to Europe to learn firsthand
the secrets of Western technology. Under an assumed
name, Peter even earned a certificate as a qualified
shipwright. Also in Europe, Peter learned new printing
methods and participated in surgical operations. He even
learned basic dentistry and enjoyed pulling his servants’
156
CHAPTER 4
Portrait of Peter the Great, Dutch school, no date
teeth. To learn additional skills from the West, Peter
persuaded hundreds of craft workers, doctors, engineers,
naval officers, and other experts to come to Russia.
A?BBI
READING LIKE A HISTORIAN
1. Analyze If Peter had seen the portrait on the right, do
you think he would have liked it? Why or why not?
2. Evaluate How do these portraits affect your evaluation
of Peter the Great?
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INTERPRETING MAPS
1. Regions During what time period was
most of Siberia added to Russia?
2. Movement What was the general
direction of Russian expansion?
Catherine the Great
Russia’s next important ruler was actually a
German princess who came to Russia to marry
a grandson of Peter the Great. She became
known as Catherine the Great.
Catherine Takes Power After her husband became Czar Peter III in 1761, Catherine
and many Russian nobles grew angry at his
weak and incompetent rule. With the help of
her allies, Catherine seized power from the
new czar, who was murdered. Catherine II was
declared czarina of Russia. The word czarina is
the female form of “czar.”
Early Reforms Catherine saw herself as
the true successor of Peter the Great and
worked to build on his westernization efforts.
To emphasize the legitimacy of her claim, she
built a bronze statue in St. Petersburg honoring Peter. It was inscribed “To Peter the First,
from Catherine the Second.”
Catherine began an ambitious plan of
reforms. She was influenced by major European thinkers of the time who believed that
a strong and wise ruler could improve life for
his or her subjects. Catherine reformed Russia’s legal and education systems and removed
some restrictions on trade. She also promoted
science and the arts.
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Challenges to Catherine’s Rule As
Catherine tried to reform Russia, she was soon
distracted by conflict. A few years after taking
power, she faced war in Poland, where people
wanted freedom from Russian influence. In
1768 the Ottoman Empire joined the Polish
cause. Eventually, Russia won the war and
took over half of Poland and territory on the
Black Sea, a valuable outlet for sea trade.
While the war was still raging, Catherine
faced a popular rebellion inside Russia. A man
named Yemelyan Pugachev was traveling the
countryside claiming that he was Peter III and
had not been murdered after all. Pugachev
gained support among Russia’s peasants and
led a ragtag army that took over many areas
before the rebellion was put down. In the end,
Pugachev was captured and beheaded.
The revolt convinced Catherine that she
needed to strengthen the authority of the
monarchy in rural areas. She completely
reorganized local governments and put their
administration in the hands of area landowners and nobles. In return for their service as
government officials, Catherine reduced their
taxes and gave them absolute control over
their lands and peasants.
ACADEMIC
VOCABULARY
legitimacy
the right to rule
Analyze What was one way
that Catherine showed she was an absolute monarch?
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
157
Monarchy and Conflict
in Central Europe
Storming of the Town of Magdeburg, artist unknown, 1631
Unlike the monarchs of Russia and Western
Europe, rulers in Central Europe in the 1500s
and 1600s never became absolute monarchs.
The Holy Roman Empire, which included most
of Central Europe at that time, was headed
by a single emperor, but he did not have total
authority. His empire included dozens of small
states, each with its own ruler, who fought vigorously against increased imperial power.
Since the 1450s, all of the Holy Roman
Emperors had come from a single family, the
Hapsburgs. In the early 1600s, an attempt
A Deadly Assault
The Holy Roman Emperor’s forces stormed
Magdeburg, Germany, in 1631 and butchered
two-thirds of the townspeople. Outrage over the
slaughter inspired the Swedes under Gustavus
Adolphus to fight harder. Why could it be said
that the battle of Magdeburg was both a
victory and defeat for its conquerors?
158
CHAPTER 4
by one of the Hapsburg emperors to exert his
authority launched a terrible conflict known
as the Thirty Years’ War. Alliances between
the Hapsburgs and other European monarchs
helped make the war a continent-wide affair.
The Thirty Years’ War The Thirty Years’
War began as a religious dispute. In 1618 in
Prague (now in the Czech Republic) an official
representing Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand
II, who was Roman Catholic, ordered that
two Protestant churches be shut down. Local
Protestants were furious. They responded by
throwing the emperor’s representatives out of
the palace windows. Although the men landed
on a rubbish heap and were unhurt, their dignity was damaged.
The emperor’s attempt to control people’s
religion sparked revolt throughout the region.
Nobles in the German states of Bavaria and
Austria rebelled against the emperor, and
nobles from other states soon joined them. The
rulers of other countries became involved in the
war as well. The monarchs of Spain, who were
also members of the Hapsburg family, joined
the war on Ferdinand’s side. In response, the
king of France, Spain’s rival, joined the Protestant opposition. The kings of Denmark and
Sweden also joined on the Protestant side.
The Thirty Years’ War dragged on until
1648, with devastating effects on Germany.
Several million Germans died—in battle, from
disease, or starvation because their fields were
ruined. In the end, the two sides agreed to the
Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the war.
In addition to extending religious toleration
to both Catholics and Protestants, the treaty
further reduced the power of the Holy Roman
emperor and strengthened the rulers of the
states within it.
Austria and Prussia Among the rulers who
gained from the treaty were the leaders of Austria and Prussia. Austria was governed by the
Hapsburg family, while Prussia’s rulers came
from a rival family, the Hohenzollerns.
In 1740 the Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor
Charles VI died without a male heir. But before
he died he had approved a document called
the Pragmatic Sanction, which stated that
the empire could be passed to a female heir.
It seemed his daughter, Maria Theresa, would
take the throne.
CENTRAL EUROPE, 1763
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Continued Rivalry Prussia’s victory only
intensified the rivalry between Austria and
Hungary, and it was not long before war broke
out again. In 1756 the Seven Years’ War began.
On one side were Prussia—still ruled by Frederick the Great—and Great Britain. On the
other were Austria, France, and Russia. Fighting occurred not just in Europe, but also in the
enemies’ colonies in North America and India.
During the first part of the war, Prussia was
on the verge of defeat. At one point, Austrian
and Russian forces even occupied the capital,
Berlin. But then Russia pulled out of the war,
allowing Prussia to regain strength. Eventually, Prussia emerged as the strongest military
power in Europe. With his newfound might,
Frederick pushed his opponents out of Prussia.
As a result, the war ended in 1763 with both
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The Hohenzollerns had a different plan.
Frederick II of Prussia, also called Frederick the
Great, seized the Austrian province of Silesia,
which had minerals and industries. To avoid a
long war, Frederick offered Maria Theresa an
alliance. He also promised to help her husband
become Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Theresa
turned him down, and the War of the Austrian
Succession broke out in 1740. Soon Spain,
France, and two German states entered the
war on Prussia’s side, each hoping to gain territory. With so much against her, Maria Theresa
asked for peace in 1748. Prussia kept Silesia,
launching Prussia to a position of real power.
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Location Why might the locations of
Hapsburg and Hohenzollern holdings have
caused conflict with other powers?
sides exhausted. However, the rivalry between
Austria and Prussia was far from over. Hapsburgs and Hohenzollerns struggled for control
of Central Europe for many more years.
Recall What were three wars
that affected Central Europe?
Analysis HI1
go.hrw.com
ASSESSMENT
Online Quiz
Keyword: SHL MON HP
Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People
Critical Thinking
1. a. Define Write a brief definition for the following terms:
5. Compare and Contrast Use your notes and a chart like the
czar, boyars.
b. Explain Why was Ivan IV known as Ivan the Terrible?
c. Develop Why would uncertainty about who would be czar
contribute to a Time of Troubles?
2. a. Identify What was the significance of Russia’s new capital
at St. Petersburg?
b. Draw Conclusions Do you think Peter I earned the name
Peter the Great? Why or why not?
3. a. Recall How did Catherine the Great become czarina?
b. Explain How did Pugachev’s revolt affect her reign?
4. a. Describe How did the Thirty Years’ War begin?
b. Identify Cause and Effect How did the rivalry between
the Hapsburgs and Hohenzollerns affect Central Europe?
one below to identify major figures in Russia and Central
Europe, key events, and the roles they played in those events.
Person
Event
Role
W2.4
6. Persuasion Imagine that you are a German engineer who
has moved to Russia to help Peter the Great build St. Petersburg. Write a letter in which you try to persuade another professional back home to come work with you in Russia.
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
159
& Geography
Imperial
St. Petersburg
HISTORY
ST. PETERSBURG
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Cities reflect the history of the rulers who built and ruled them.
St. Petersburg certainly reflects the determination of Peter the
Great to create a grand new capital with a warm-water port. Peter
started construction on the city in 1703—even before he had truly
won the land from Sweden. The site he chose was actually a dank
swamp—a place so hazardous that some 40,000 Swedish prisoners of war died while building the city. Their bones went into the
city’s foundations. After Peter’s rule, his successors added more
features that were heavily influenced by Western European styles.
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The Fortress of Saints
Peter and Paul
This 1712 map shows Peter’s original plan for the city.
Among the buildings within the
fortress walls are a mint, Saints
Peter and Paul Cathedral, a prison,
and museums.
The Admiralty
The Admiralty began as a shipyard,
where some 10,000 men worked at
building the ships for Peter’s new
navy. It is now the home of the
Naval Engineering School.
The Neva River
Although the Neva provides advantages, it floods badly.
In 1703 a flood swept the building materials away only
three months after construction of the city had begun.
160
CHAPTER 4
View of the Troizkoi Bridge, by J. Schroeder, 1800s
This view of a bridge over the Neva
River shows the grandeur of St. Petersburg.
Several palaces make up the Hermitage. The original
palace was built for Peter’s daughter Elizabeth, who took
the Russian throne in 1741. Today, the Hermitage is one of
the world’s finest art museums.
Analysis CS3, CS4
INTERPRETING MAPS
1. Location Peter’s original plan was for Vasilevskiy
Island, at the far left, to be the city’s center. That
plan was abandoned, and the city grew up around
the Admiralty. What may have accounted for the
change in plans?
2. Place How do you think early visitors to St.
Petersburg reacted to the buildings pictured here?
Peterhof, Peter the Great’s own palace, is outside the city,
linked directly to the Gulf of Finland by a canal. Pictured
above is the Grand Cascade.
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
161
CHAPTER
E9KC;DJÅ7I;:ÆDL;IJ?=7J?ED
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CALIFORNIA
Analysis HR4
Historical Context These documents reveal different reactions to absolutism,
a dominant political theory in the 1500s through 1700s in parts of Europe.
Queen Catherine’s Dream, by Richard Newton, 1791
Task Study the selections and answer the questions that follow. After you have
studied all the documents, you will be asked to write an essay supporting or criticizing absolutism. You will need to use evidence from these selections and from the
chapter to support the position you take in your essay.
Queen Catherine’s Dream
The Sun King’s Emblem
Louis XIV chose the sun as his emblem because of the “unique
quality of the radiance . . . the good it does in every place.” He
believed that “the profession of king is great, noble, a fount of
delight” and that “God who made you king will give you the
necessary guidance.” The golden emblem shown here is from
Versailles, the elaborate palace that Louis built outside the
city of Paris.
162
CHAPTER 4
Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY
This English cartoon shows Catherine
the Great being offered the cities of
Warsaw and Constantinople by the
devil. The title is “Queen Catherine’s
Dream.” Catherine claimed to be fighting the Turks to free Constantinople
and the Ottoman Empire from Muslim
rule. The English had a different view.
They accused her of simply wanting
more territory.
On the Divine Right of Kings
Why Did Charles I Fight the Civil War?
Jacques Benigne Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux, served as
tutor to the French heir to the throne. Bossuet strongly
supported absolutism in this excerpt from his treatise
titled Politics Derived from Holy Writ.
Here British historian Conrad Russell expresses his
views on the limitations that monarchs faced.
We have already seen that all power is of God . . . Rulers
then act as the ministers of God and as his lieutenants on
earth. It is through them that God exercises his empire . . .
The royal throne is not the throne of a man, but the throne
of God himself . . .
Note what is said in Ecclesiasticus: “God has given to every
people its ruler.” . . . He therefore governs all peoples and
gives them their kings . . .
But kings, although their power comes from on high, . . .
must employ it with fear and self-restraint, as a thing coming from God and of which God will demand an account . . .
God is infinite, God is all. The prince, as prince, is not
regarded as a private person: he is a public personage, all
the state is in him; the will of all the people is included in
his. As all perfection and all strength are united in God, so
all the power of individuals is united in the person of the
prince.
A?BBI
Analysis HR4;
The belief that it was the duty of a ruler to enforce
uniformity in the true religion was one which caused
difficulties . . . Philip II in the Netherlands failed in this
task for reasons not altogether different from those of
Charles I. Both felt themselves obliged to fight rather
than give up the struggle . . .
For him, [Charles I] then, the problem of religious unity
was one of unity between kingdoms . . . On this point,
Charles’s Scottish opponents agreed with him. They
too thought that unless there was unity of religion and
church government between England and Scotland,
there would be permanent instability . . . Charles, moreover, did not only have a King of England’s resistance to
Scottish notions of Presbyterianising England: he also
had to view such a proposal through the eyes of the
King of Ireland. A religious settlement in which
it would have been a key point that no papists were to
be tolerated would hardly have led to stability in Ireland . . . Of all the participants in the crisis of 1640–42,
Charles was the only one whose position forced him to
a genuinely British perspective.
R2.5
READING LIKE A HISTORIAN
D OCUMENT 1
a. Describe What elements of the cartoon suggest that the
cartoonist is suspicious of Catherine’s motives?
b. Infer How does the cartoon reflect the history of absolutism in England, in contrast to its history in Russia?
D OCUMENT 2
a. Analyze Why do you think Louis chose this emblem? Is it
an appropriate emblem for Louis XIV?
b. Infer What do you think the effect of this emblem might
have been on the people who saw it at Versailles?
D OCUMENT 3
a. Identify On what basis does Bossuet justify absolutism?
b. Analyze Does Bossuet think there are any limitations on
the king’s power? Why or why not?
D OCUMENT 4
a. Describe What limited Charles I’s choices?
b. Infer How does the writer view Charles I’s decisions?
People held different views on the proper role of the monarch and the limits of royal authority. Using the documents
above and information from the chapter, form a thesis that
supports a role for absolute monarchy or argues for limits
on royal power. Consider if there were both benefits and
hazards of absolutism. Then write a short essay to support
your position.
See Skills Handbook, pp. H25, H26
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
163
CHAPTER
>7FJ;HÆ;L?;M
VISUAL STUDY GUIDE
Monarchs of Europe: 1500–1800
F7?D
Ruler
Major Events
D=B7D:
Results of Reign
Charles V
Many enemies,
Reformation, Peace
of Augsburg
Spain powerful;
empire divided
between heirs
Philip II
Dutch revolt,
Armada defeat
Spain weakened
H7D9;
Ruler
Major Events
Results of Reign
Ruler
Major Events
Henry VIII
Split with pope
Parliament
strengthened
Elizabeth I
War with Spain
England undefeated
Charles I
Led troops into
Parliament
Executed amid
English Civil War
Cromwell
Civil War, conflicts
abroad
Ruled alone, created
resentment
Charles II
Restoration
Habeas Corpus Act
Henry IV
Survived massacre,
issued Edict of
Nantes
Calmed religious
conflict, repaired
war-torn country
William and Glorious Revolution,
English Bill of Rights
Mary
Louis XIII
La Rochelle, clash
with nobles, Thirty
Years’ War
Huguenots and
nobles weakened
KII?7
Louis XIV
Versailles built,
revocation of the
Edict of Nantes,
military buildup
Absolutism firmly
established,
economic growth,
expensive wars
Ruler
;DJH7BÆKHEF;
Ruler
Major Events
Results of Reign
Maria
Theresa
(Austria)
War of Austrian
Succession, Seven
Years War
Continued
competition with
Hohenzollerns
Frederick II
(the Great)
(Prussia)
War of Austrian
Succession, Seven
Years War
Prussia as major
European power
Results of Reign
Major Events
Parliament’s power
greatly increased
Results of Reign
Ivan IV
Reforms, expanded
territory, terror
Time of Troubles
Peter I
(the Great)
Reforms, streltsy
rebellion, St.
Petersburg built
Beginning of
westernization
Catherine II Rebellion, rural
(the Great) government reform
More power for
nobles over serfs
Review Key Terms and People
4. the most trusted adviser of King Louis XIII
Identify the correct term or person from the chapter
that best fits each of the following descriptions.
1. war that lasted from 1618 to 1648 and devastated
Germany
5. French Protestants
6. the right to rule
7. fleet that tried to invade England in 1588
2. transfer of power to William III and Mary II
8. belief that God grants absolute power to monarchs
3. treaty that gave the rulers of German states the
9. supporters of Charles I
right to decide the religion of their states
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CHAPTER 4
History's Impact video program
Review the video to answer the closing question on the
influence of El Greco, Velázquez, and Cervantes.
Comprehension and Critical Thinking
Interpreting Political Cartoons
SECTION 1 (pp. 137–140)
Reading Like a Historian Peter the Great wanted to
10. a. Recall What were two reasons why Charles V
had a difficult time ruling his empire?
b. Sequence What events foiled the Spanish
Armada’s invasion of England?
c. Elaborate Why might a historian title a book
about Spain from 1550 to 1650 A Glorious Failure?
SECTION 2 (pp. 142–146)
westernize Russia. He even ordered Russian men to cut
their beards so they would look more European.
Woodcut showing Russian official cutting off a beard,
artist unknown
7.9.5
Analysis HR4
7.9.5
11. a. Identify What happened in Paris early in the
morning on August 24, 1572?
b. Explain Why did Cardinal Richelieu want to
crush the power of the nobles and the Huguenots?
c. Elaborate Why was the revocation of the Edict
of Nantes a problem for more people than just the
Huguenots?
SECTION 3 (pp. 147–152)
10.2.2
12. a. Describe How did Cromwell change English
society?
b. Infer Why did the people of London cheer
Charles II when he returned from exile?
c. Develop The English monarchy developed in a
very different direction than did the monarchies
of Spain and France. How did it differ?
SECTION 4 (pp. 154–159)
Analysis HI1
13. a. Identify By what name is Ivan IV often
remembered?
b. Compare and Contrast What were some high
points and low points of Peter the Great’s rule?
c. Draw Conclusions Why was the Thirty Years’
War one of the worst disasters in German history?
Reading Skills
15. Analyze Do you think the artist approved of
Peter’s rule? Why or why not?
go.hrw.com
Practice Online
Using the Internet
Keyword: SHL MON
16. The era of absolute monarchs was also a key
period for the extension of government functions.
Rulers set up more effective administrations and
got involved in new activities, such as building
hospitals. Using the keyword above, research
expansion of the government’s role in one country
and write a report on your findings.
R2.0
Connecting Read the passage below from this
chapter. Then answer the question that follows.
“Soon after the Protestant Reformation began
in Germany, it spread to France. By the 1560s,
about one in ten French men and women was a
Huguenot, or French Calvinist Protestant.”
W2.3
Think about the following issue:
The concept of absolutism influenced monarchs
to varying degrees, and the monarchs’ reigns
affected their countries long after their deaths.
17. Assignment: Some monarchs left their countries
14. How does this passage connect with what you
learned in a previous chapter about the Reformation? Which words help you remember what you
have learned?
in better condition than when they began their
rule, while others left lasting damage. Choose
three of the monarchs from the chapter and, in a
brief essay, compare and contrast how absolutism
affected those rulers’ impact on their countries.
THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
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