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ESSAY TOPIC: NON-POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS ENLIGHTENMENT Changes brought about by Impacts that the revolution had revolution: on particular societies: -Occurred in 1700s -New ideas about role of -Led to Enlightened Despots that -Inspired by ideas of Scientific government (challenged divine make reforms to Revolution right and absolute rule) government/society -Rejection of traditional -Supported principles of -Maria Theresa & Joseph II of beliefs/questioning democratic republic Austria=tax and legal reforms, authority/using reason to -John Locke: Natural Rights (life, religious toleration discover truth liberty, property) -Frederick the Great of -Government has a responsibility Prussia=free press, civil service to protect these rights and if it system doesn’t, people can overthrow it -Catherine the Great of Russia= -Rousseau: what’s good for built schools, religious tolerance everyone is more important than -Inspired a sense of what’s good for the individual individualism, a belief in -Montesquieu: separation of personal freedom, and a sense powers of equality -Voltaire: free speech -GROWTH OF NATIONALISM THAT LEADS TO AGE OF REVOLUTIONS (American, French, Latin American) NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION Changes brought about by Impacts that the revolution had revolution: on particular societies: -Occurred 10,000 B.C.-6,000 B.C. -Change from nomadic lifestyle -Allowed river valleys to develop (hunting & gathering) to farming complex societies -Paleolithic Age (“Old Stone Age”): simple tools, temporary -Egypt: people settle near Nile settlements, cave paintings River, have bureaucratic govt. -Warmer weather and climate ruled by pharaoh, rigid social change allows for plants to be structure, hieroglyphics, and grown advanced technology to build -Farming and domestication of pyramids animals cause=dependable food source -Indus River Valley: Harappa and -Population growthtowns Mohenjo-Daro demonstrate develop into cities (permanent urban planning (grid-like roads) settlements) -Governments form, religions are organized, new social classes emerge, system of writing develops, roads and bridges built, technology improves INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1750-1850 -Starts in Great Britain because of geography, available money, population growth, and natural resources PROTESTANT REFORMATION 1500s ESSAY TOPIC: TURNING POINTS Historical circumstances surrounding the turning point: -Agrarian Revolution (change in farming methods) results in increased food production, new technology, and population boom -Means of production of goods shifted: from hand tools to complex machines from human and animal power to steam power -Technology developed rapidly and production increased -Movement of people from farms to cities (urbanization) -Coal and iron ore (new sources of energy) lead to steam power -Factories develop (at first near rivers) -Mercantilist economies (mother country takes raw materials from colonies) become capitalist economies (private ownership/supply and demand) Historical circumstances surrounding the turning point: -Renaissance leads people to question Roman Catholic Church’s authority -Church became too powerful (excommunication, owned land & collected taxes), fought wars to expand influence, used money to build grant cathedrals -Sale of indulgences: certificates that granted forgiveness of sins & lessened time the soul would spend in purgatory -German monk Martin Luther posts 95 Thesis, which were 95 arguments against indulgences, on church door How the turning point changed the course of history: -Laissez Faire economics: businesses should be allowed to operate free of government regulation -Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations -Leads to rise of capitalism (competition among business/supply and demand) -Rise of big business -Poor living and working conditions in cities and factories -Middle class gains power -Improved transportation (railroads, steam engines) -Increase in standard of living -Emergence of socialism (Karl Marx)—against evils of capitalism wants workers to unite and overthrow owners How the turning point changed the course of history: -Protestant religion is formed along with other new Christian denominations (Calvinism and Anglicanism) -Roman Catholic church tries to regain power (Counter Reformation), makes some reforms (Council of Trent) but loses power -Salvation through faith alone, people read and interpret Bible for themselves, clergy is less powerful and allowed to marry -Loss of religious unity in Western Europe -Religious wars broke out between Catholic and Protestant nations -Power of monarchs increased -Rise of nation-states ESSAY TOPIC: POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1800) CAUSES: -Social, political, and economic inequalities -3rd Estate (commoners) had most people but least rights, taxed the most, no say in govt. -Deficit spending: king spent money that France didn’t have -Enlightenment ideas spread -Bad harvests cause starvation RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (1917) CAUSES: -Rigid social structure where czar held all power -Peasants & urban workers were starving and poor -“Bloody Sunday” 1905: protestors shot by czar’s guards -WWI=food shortages and many deaths -Vladimir Lenin promises people “peace, land, & bread,” calls for overthrow of capitalism, and creation of socialist society EFFECTS ON SOCIETY: -Moderate Phase: 3rd Estate forms National Assembly which took the “Tennis Court Oath,” and eventually wrote a constitution to limit the power of the king -Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen states people have natural rights and includes tax reforms -Radical Phase: Radical group known as Jacobins led by Robespierre starts “Reign of Terror” -Slogan “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” -People accused of supporting the king were killed by guillotine -War with other countries who feared Revolution -Napoleon overthrows weak Directory and seizes power DID IT ACCOMPLISH ITS GOALS? YES! -King was overthrown and peasants/workers gained some rights (Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen) -Upper classes lost power -Gap between rich and poor narrowed -Napoleon creates Napoleonic Code (equality of citizens and religious toleration) EFFECTS ON SOCIETY: -Lenin comes to power and Bolsheviks become elite group -Reds defeat Whites in Russian Civil War -Interests of state placed above interests of individual -New Economic Policy is createdgovt. owns large businesses, some private property allowed -U.S.S.R. is created (first nation with Communist economic system) -Stalin comes to power and creates totalitarian state DID IT ACCOMPLISH ITS GOALS? YES! -Land is redistributed to peasants, gave workers control of factories and mines -Russia was withdrawn from WWI NO! -Napoleon comes to power and acts as an emperor who held absolute power -Congress of Vienna turns back the clock to the way things were before Revolution (restores King to France) NO! -Totalitarian states are formed denying people rights -Dictators replace czars -Communism does not create a classless society b/c Communist party is superior -5 Year Plans lead to collectivization of land, crop failures, and famine RENAISSANCE ESSAY TOPIC: GOLDEN AGES Achievements during: -1400s-1600s Causes: -Crusades increase trade between Europe and Middle East making Italian city-states wealthy centers of trade -Italian-city states are in a strategic location on the Mediterranean -Commercial Revolution leads to rise of capitalism, banking, and rise of new middle class -No strong central government, weakened power of the pope in Italy -A revival in learning about the classical civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome -Began questioning the Roman Catholic Church and began a new secular (non-religious) way of thinking called humanism— emphasis on the achievements of the individual -Art was realistic (lifelike portrayal of people) & used perspective—to give art a threedimensional effectarts were supported by wealthy patrons -Advances in architecture (domed cathedrals) ATHENS (AGE OF PERICLES) Achievements during: 500-400 B.C. Greek city-state of Athens -Greek city-states unite to defeat Persians in Persian Wars -Established a direct democracy—citizens were directly involved in the day to day affairs of government (only male citizens over age of 20) -Athenians served on juries -Greek philosophers used observation and reason to understand why things happened -Greek sculptors made realistic art that showed the human body in its most perfect form -Architectural achievements like the Parthenon (temple) use columns How they influence modern world: -Leonardo da Vinci—painter, sculptor, inventor (Mona Lisa), Michelangelo—painter, sculptor (statue of David, Sistine Chapel) -Literary achievements: began to write in vernacular—everyday language of ordinary people -Famous writers: Shakespeare (plays) & Machiavelli (“The Prince”—rulers should use whatever means necessary to rule and ensure their success “the ends justifies the means”) - Johann Gutenberg invents the printing press in 1456 -Books became cheaper and more available -Literacy increased—more people learned to read and write -Ideas spread rapidly, access to new knowledge How they influence modern world: -Byzantine and Islamic Empires preserve elements of Greek culture (spread through cultural diffusion) -Established basic principle of rule by the people—used as the basis for future democracies (majority rule, civic debates, juries, rule of the law) -Greek architecture used in many public buildings today -Ideas of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle influence philosophy, government, politics, and ethics—continue to be discussed in universities today -Greek tragedies and comedies written (literature and plays) -Herodotus and Thucydides record history ISLAM Developed in the Arabian Peninsula (Middle East) in the 600s -Monotheistic HINDUISM Originated in India in 1500 B.C. -Polytheistic ESSAY TOPIC: BELIEF SYSTEMS Key beliefs/practices: -Founder is Muhammad, an Arab merchant from Mecca, told to spread the word of Allah or god -Muslims united by their holy book, the Qur’an (Koran)— direct word of god; guide to life and Sharia—body of laws that unites Muslims of different backgrounds -Provides order, stability, sense of community -Major belief—5 Pillars of Islam 1. Faith in one god 2. Fasting during holy month of Ramadan 3. Daily prayer 5x a day 4. Charity for the poor 5. Hajj: pilgrimage to holy city of Mecca Key beliefs/practices: -No single founder—developed out of Indus Valley and Aryan cultures -Indians believe in many gods but are united by one spirit, Brahman -Goal is to achieve moksha or union with Brahman -Reincarnation is necessary to give people more time to achieve moksha -Performing actions in one’s lifetime (karma) and fulfilling moral and religious duties (dharma) determines caste in next life -Caste system (developed by Aryans) -Caste system limits social mobility and provides order and stability(priests and warriors on top, Untouchables at the bottom -Vedas are religious writings Influence on region: -Division of Sunni and Shiite has led to conflict and violence in the Middle East (Iraq, Iran) -Pilgrimage to Mecca promotes cultural diffusion -Expansion of empires Umayyad and Abbasid -Prophet Muhammad stressed education and learning—leads to cultural centers of learning like Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba -Suleiman expands Ottoman Empire because religious unity of Muslims and religious toleration -Timbuktu because Islamic cultural city because of Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca Influence on region: -Gupta empire is golden age of Hinduism (caste system is expanded, untouchables given worst jobs and separated from rest of castes) -Village life governed by caste rules and traditions -Hindu law required people to marry only within own caste -Hindu centers of learning are established—leads to development of the concept of zero, decimal system, Arabic numerals, advances in medicine, architecture, and literature -Caste system controls India until new age of imperialism when British crown takes control APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA HOLOCAUST -1939-1945 ESSAY TOPIC: CONFLICT/HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS Historical circumstances: Effect on two groups involved: -1700s- Dutch, French, and German settle -African National Congress was set South Africa—known as Afrikaners up to oppose white domination (Afrikaner farmers became known as (used boycotts and civil Boers) disobedience) -1910: South Africa gains independence -Nelson Mandela leads underground from Great Britain movement to mobilize young South -White minority controlled Africans to resist apartheid laws government/economy (jailed for treason) -Blacks majority was not allowed to vote -ANC turns violent after Sharpeville -Whites passed racial laws that restricted Massacre rights of blacks -Desmond Tutu, a black, South -1948: government expanded racial African bishop and civil rights leader segregation by creating policy of convinced businesses to limit trade apartheid (claimed that apartheid would and investment in segregated South allow each race to develop its own Africa culture) -Apartheid ends in 1994 -Required black Africans and other -Nelson Mandela elected president nonwhites to carry pass books (I.D. in 1994 Books), live in certain zones, segregated - Since 1994, South Africa has faced public facilities and transportation, forbid huge challenges interracial marriage -Limited resources -Blacks paid low wages and had inferior -Large income and education gap schooling which kept them in poverty between blacks and whites -High poverty and unemployment -AIDS Epidemic Historical circumstances: Effect on two groups involved: -Germany was blamed for WWI and had -6 million Jews (2/3 of Jewish to pay reparations—economy suffered population) are killed due to inflation, unemployment, and -Jews live in constant state fear and debt lose sense of security -Hitler wanted to create “living space” for -Jews migrate to different countries the “superior” Aryan race in Germany for protection -Hitler’s goal was to create Third Reich in -After WWII, Jews gain their own which Aryan race would dominate country in Israel Europe -Hitler committed suicide and Nazi -“Final Solution” was the systematic leaders flee Germany extermination of Jews (used as scapegoat -Nazi leaders put on trial for human for Germany’s problems) rights violations—Nuremberg Trials -Nuremberg Laws restricted rights of -Germany divided up after WWII Jews, Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken between Allied countries Glass”)= attacks on Jewish communities, Jews were placed in ghettos, shipped on cattle cars to concentration camps (Auschwitz) where they were starved, worked, shot, or gassed to death COMMUNISM FASCISM ESSAY TOPIC: POLITICAL SYSTEMS Characteristics of system: -Karl Marx and Richard Engels (German philosophers) write The Communist Manifesto -History was a class struggle between “haves”—(bourgeoisie=wealthy capitalists) and “have-nots”— (proletariat=working class -The proletariat would eventually rise up and overthrow the capitalist system -Called for a worldwide revolution -Supported by workers and peasants -The proletariat would take control of the means of production (the farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses) and establish a classless, communist society, in which wealth and power were equally shared -No private property -Government eventually withers away -Fascists believed in seizing power by force and violence -Believed that dictatorship was a strong and efficient form of government -Government controls every aspect of human activity—totalitarian state -Supported extreme nationalism -Believed in imperialism so their nation could develop and rule an empire -Built up military and glorified war -Only superior nations would have power in the world (“survival of the fittest”) -Placed the goals of the state (nation’s government) above individual rights -Against communism -Believed social classes were necessary for a stable society and favored upper classes and industrial leaders -Brought the economy under government control BUT PRESERVED CAPITALISM Region affected: -Lenin comes to power in the Soviet Union by exposing peasants and urban workers to ideas of communismleads to Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 -Once in power, Communist Party holds all political power—takes control of banks and businesses -New Economic Policy- tries to correct economic failures by allowing some private ownership of business and land -Stalin uses communism to become a totalitarian dictator -Harsh tactics eliminate enemies (Great Purge, gulags—prison camps, censorship, propaganda) -5 Year Plans to increase agriculture and industry using collectivization lead to starvation and supply shortages -Differences between Communism and western democracies leads to Cold War -Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika (reshaping govt. & economy) and glasnost (openness to democratic ideas) lead to collapse of Communist Soviet Union -Benito Mussolini organizes the Fascist Party in Italy after WWI -Promises to end unemployment, gain more land for Italy, and eliminate all Communist threats (reaction to Treaty of Versailles and harsh conditions after WWI) -Used force and terror to gain control of Italy -Black Shirts: “combat squads” that used intimidation to gain support -Killed and jailed enemies -Used censorship and propaganda -Ended free speech, free press, and free elections -Inspired blind loyalty to leader -Developed cult of personality -Encourages women to “win battle of motherhood”=have 14 children or more ISLANDS LOCATION ESSAY TOPIC: GEOGRAPHY How the factor affected development of How geographic feature promoted or hindered specific region: cultural diffusion: -Island chains were very mountainous which Hindered Cultural Diffusion: meant there was a lack of good farmland -Greeks believed they were superior to people -Greeks become skilled sailors and develop from foreign lands (Egyptians and Persians)— seafaring trade called them “barbarians” -Isolated and protected Greek city-states from -Developed traditional religion honoring many foreign invasions gods and goddesses -Greeks developed a unique culture and -City-states developed differently and society independently of one another: -Led to a decentralized government with many -Athens=limited but direct democracy, laws made different city-states (polis) by assembly (only male citizens over 20), stressed education for boys, women inferior to men -Sparta=monarchy with two kings, totalitarian city-state, military society with training for all boys, women obey men but own property -Sparta did not allow trade with other city-states -Differences between city-states led to conflict and caused the Peloponnesian Wars, leading to the decline of Ancient Greece -Japan’s location on the Ring of Fire makes it Helped Cultural Diffusion: vulnerable to earthquakes, volcanoes, and -Location near China and Korea helped spread tsunamis ideas and knowledge from the mainland to the -Living in unsettled natural environment islands of Japan causes a deep respect for nature—leads to the -Selective Borrowing: language (kana), Buddhism development of Shintoism (worship of kami— (Zen Buddhism), art & architecture, and spirits in living and nonliving things) government (Confucian ideas) were all borrowed -Shintoism unites all of Japan and adapted—preserves a traditional Japanese -Since it was an island nation located in the culture Pacific it was protected from foreign invasion -Need for raw materials and natural resources -Since it was surrounded by water, Japanese leads to expansion after Meiji Restoration life revolved around the sea—fish was major -Location near China and Russia leads to Sinofood source and industry Japanese War (1894) and Russo-Japanese War -Location near mainland China allowed it to (1904) which were fought over control of Korea, learn from the Chinese but it was too far away land, and resources for the Chinese to conquer Hindered Cultural Diffusion: -Island location allows Tokugawa Shogunate to keep Japan isolated from other cultures -Banned all trade with western merchants and prohibited Japanese from travelling abroad -Japan lags behind the western world in industry and technology -Forced to open up by Commodore Matthew Perry which leads to Meiji Restoration CAPITALISM IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ESSAY TOPIC: ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Historical circumstances Two features of economic system: leading to economic system: -Farmers—who had lost jobs -All property, including the means due to the enclosure of farm of production, is privately owned lands & improvements in -Private businesses and farming technology during individuals are free from public & Agricultural Revolution— government control so they can moved to the cities to find make basic economic decisions, economic opportunities including what, where, how -Capitalism starts in England much, and at what prices goods because of the Industrial will be produced Revolution -Prices are determined by supply -Britain’s overseas empire and demand enabled businessmen to -Competition promotes high grow wealth and have capital quality and low prices (money) to invest -Profits for investors and -Rising middle class businessmen (bourgeoisie) invested their -Invisible hand of competition money in new businesses or would drive the economy developed new technologies -Factory owners started businesses to gain profits -Adam Smith supported laissez-faire capitalism (wrote “Wealth of Nations”) which allowed factory owners to produce and sell goods with no interference from the government (“hands off”) -Rise of factories allowed goods to be produced quickly and cheaply Impact of economic system on society: -Widens gap between rich and poor -Workers are paid low wages and live in poverty -Working conditions in factories are unsanitary and dangerous -Some people enjoy higher standard of living (new technology, new medicines) -Competing economic and social views emerge (Socialism and Communism) -Labor unions form to protect workers—bargained with employers, negotiated for higher pay and better working conditions -Reform legislation was passed by British Parliament -Movement toward a global economy HITLER GANDHI ESSAY TOPIC: LEADERS Situation leader attempted to change: Action leader took to change situation: -Germany was punished by the Treaty -Promises to restore German of Versailles pride and create “Third Reich” -Forced to admit responsibility for the -Uses cult of personality and war, pay reparations (war payments), propaganda to promote lost land (Alsace-Lorraine) and concept of racial superiority— colonies around the world, had to Aryan race must not be demilitarize (along the Rhineland) contaminated by Jews -German economy suffered due to -Ruled over a fascist oneinflation, unemployment, and debt party government controlled after the Great Depression by the Nazi Party -Germany controlled by a weak -Launched public works democratic government—Weimar programs to create jobs Republic—people lose faith in -Businesses were placed democracies and communism under government control -Ended civil rights, silenced enemies with a secret police (Gestapo) and uniformed troops (SS) -Indoctrinated (brainwashed) Nazi Youth with messages of racism -British East India Company takes -Indian nationalist leaders advantage of Indian diversity to organize the Indian National control 3/5 of India Congress which believed in -British use sepoys (Indian soldiers) to peaceful protest to gain selfprotect them—violation of their government religious beliefs leads to Sepoy -After Amritsar Massacre Rebellion (Indian protestors killed by -British crush rebellion and put India British soldiers), Indian directly under rule of British queen National Congress calls for -British held top positions in Indian complete independence government and top jobs -Gandhi urges Indians to use -Indian resources go to Great Britain nonviolent resistance by -British-made goods imported at low boycotting British goods and prices replace Indian-made goods— returning to Indian traditional local businessmen loose money ways of textile production--British encouraged Indian farmers to "Homespun Movement" shift from growing food crops to -Use of hunger strikes, civil raising cotton--leads to famine that disobedience, and Salt March killed millions (protests British salt -Indians are treated as inferiors—their monopoly by collecting salt culture is replaced with western ways from sea) to gain global (schooling, laws, customs) visibility and embarrass the British into granting India independence Impact action had on society: -German economy recovers, unemployment and inflation decreases -German nationalism grows and becomes militaristic— leads to desire for expansion -Jews live in constant fear— used as scapegoats for Germany’s problems; victims of genocide and human rights violations—Holocaust -German culture was “purged” or purified -Religion was controlled by the government -His ideas create unity between Hindus and Muslims (they call him Mahatma or “Great Soul” -Over time British control of India was weakened, and in 1947, India gained independence -India was partitioned or divided into India and Pakistan -Tensions between Hindus and Muslims increased and millions are killed crossing the borders -India sets up a democratic government with Jawaharlal Nehru as its first prime minister -Discrimination between castes still exists