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Notes: Blood Anatomy and Physiology 2016-2017 Name: Date: Period: Blood transports everything that must be carried from one place to another, such as: o o o o The only fluid tissue in the human body Classified as a connective tissue Components of blood o Formed elements o Plasma If blood is centrifuged: o Erythrocytes sink to the bottom (______% of blood, a percentage known as the ___________________) o _________________ contains leukocytes and platelets (__________% of blood) Buffy coat is a thin, whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma o _________________ rises to the top (__________% of blood) Color range o Oxygen-rich blood is ________________________________ o Oxygen-poor blood is _______________________________ pH must remain between 7.35 and 7.45 Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature, at 100.4°F In a healthy man, blood volume is about ________________________________________ Blood makes up _______________% of body weight Blood Plasma Composed of approximately 90 percent __________________________ Includes many dissolved substances: o o o o o o _________________ o Blood pH becomes too acidic _________________ o Blood pH becomes too basic In each scenario, the __________________________ system and kidneys help restore blood pH to normal Formed Elements ____________________________________________ o Main function is to carry ___________________ o Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes Essentially bags of _________________________ Anucleate (meaning: ____________________________________) Contain very few organelles o 5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood is the normal count _______________________ o o Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen o Each hemoglobin molecule has ______________ oxygen binding sites o Each erythrocyte has __________________ hemoglobin molecules o Normal blood contains 12–18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL of blood Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs o _______________________________ is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood o _________________________________________________ results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin o ______________________ is an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of RBCs _______________________________________________________ o Crucial in body’s defense against disease o Complete cells, with nucleus and organelles o Able to move into and out of ___________________________________________(______________________) o Move by amoeboid motion o Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues (______________________________________________) o __________________________________________________ WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood Abnormal numbers of leukocytes o ________________________________ WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3 Generally indicates an infection o _______________________ Abnormally low leukocyte level Commonly caused by certain drugs, such as ______________________________________________ o _______________________ Bone marrow becomes cancerous; turns out excess WBCs Platelets o Derived from _______________________________________________________________________ o Needed for the ______________________________ process o Platelet count ranges from ________________ to __________________ per cubic millimeter of blood _________________ is considered a normal number of platelets per cubic millimeter of blood Hematopoiesis Hematopoiesis is the process of ________________________________________________ Occurs in ________________________________ All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (______________________________) Hemocytoblast differentiation o Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes o Myeloid stem cell produces all other formed elements Formation of Red Blood Cells Since RBCs are anucleate, they are unable to ____________________________________________ RBCs wear out in _________________________ When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by ______________________ in the _______________ or _________________ Lost cells are replaced by division of ___________________________ in the _____________________________ Control of Erythrocyte Production Rate of RBC production is controlled by a hormone called _____________________________ ________________________ produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood Homeostasis is maintained by ____________________________________________ from blood oxygen levels Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets Controlled by ___________________________ o _____________________________ and _____________________ prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes o _____________________________ stimulates production of platelets Hemostasis Definition: Hemostasis involves three phases: 1. 2. 3. 1. o _______________________________ causes blood vessel to spasm o Spasms narrow the blood vessel, __________________________________ 2. o ___________________________ are exposed by a break in a blood vessel o ___________________________ become “sticky” and cling to fibers o Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets o Platelets pile up to form ____________________________ (______________________) 3. o Injured tissues release ______________________________________ o PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to ___________________________________________ o ______________________________________ converts ____________________ to _____________________ (an enzyme) o Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin o Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot) o Within the hour, serum is squeezed from the clot as it retracts Serum is plasma minus clotting proteins Blood usually clots within __________________________________ The clot remains as endothelium regenerates The clot is broken down after ________________________________ Undesirable Clotting o A clot in an unbroken blood vessel o Can be deadly in areas such as the heart o A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream o Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain Bleeding Disorders o o Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require clotting o Evidenced by: o ___________________ bleeding disorder o _____________________________________________ are missing Blood Groups and Transfusions Large losses of blood have serious consequences o Loss of __________________________ causes weakness o Loss of ___________________________ causes shock, which can be fatal Transfusions are given for _______________________, _________________________________, or for _____________________ Human Blood Groups Blood contains genetically determined proteins _________________ are substances that the body recognizes as foreign and that the immune system attacks _____________________ are the “recognizers” Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump and lyse There are _____________________ common red blood cell antigens The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by _____________________________ blood group antigens ABO Blood Groups Based on the presence or absence of two antigens: 1. 2. The lack of these antigens is called ___________________ The presence of both antigens A and B is called _____________________ The presence of antigen A is called ____________________ The presence of antigen B is called ____________________ Blood type AB can receive ____________________________ o Blood type B can receive __________________________ Blood type A can receive __________________________ Blood type O can receive __________________________ o Rh Blood Groups Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) that was originally defined in Rhesus monkeys Most Americans are _______________________________ Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– (Rh-negative) blood __________________________ does not occur with first transfusion, because it takes time to make antibodies Second, and subsequent, transfusions involve ________________________________________________________________ Rh Dangers During Pregnancy Danger occurs only when the mother is _____ and the father is ____, and the child inherits ________________ RhoGAM shot can prevent buildup of __________________________ in mother’s blood The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child o The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems o The immune system is ______________________ after the first pregnancy o In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn) Blood Typing Blood samples are mixed with _____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ leads to identification of blood type Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner Cross matching—testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa Developmental Aspects of Blood Sites of blood cell formation o The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell formation o Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month Congenital blood defects include various types of hemolytic anemias and hemophilia Incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood can result in fetal cyanosis, resulting from destruction of fetal blood cells Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin produced after birth Physiologic jaundice occurs in infants when the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough Leukemias are most common in the very young and very old o Older adults are also at risk for anemia and clotting disorders