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Contents
THE CONSOLIDATION OF NATION STATES
AND INDUSTRIALIZATION FROM 1815 TO 1914
Nationalism and Socialism
History of Politics and Economy: Book V
CONTENTS
Table of Contents
vii-xii
List of Tables, Figures, Photos and List of Maps
xiii-xviii
To the Readers
xix-xx
Introduction to Book V. The Consolidation of Nation States and Industrialization
1
Chapter I. Politics and Religion
1. The Concert of Europe: Reaction and Revolution, 1815-1830
2. The Age of Nationalism and National Unification, 1850-1871
3. The Growth of State Power and Imperialism, 1871-1914.
4. The Armed Forces and War in Europe. 5. Religion and Politics in Europe
5
Chapter II. Economy and Society
1. National Income and Patterns of Demand 2. Population in Europe
3. The Transformation of European Agriculture
4. Technological Progress and Industrial Revolution
5. Commerce with the New Territories and Transportation
6. Finance and Banking and the Industrial Revolution
7. Mass Society in the Age of Progress
8. The State and the Industrial Revolution: Country Studies
225
Chapter III. Political Philosophy: The Rise of Liberalism
1. Liberalism
2. Conservatism
3. Socialism and Marxism
4. Nationalism, Anarchism, and Fascism
5. Feminism, Ecologism, and Religious Fundamentalism
6. The Reaction against Metaphysical Idealism
7. Utilitarianism, British Idealism, and Pragmatism
413
Chapter IV. Economic Thought: The Rise of Socialism
1. John Stuart Mill
2. Karl Marx and his Critique of Classical Economics
3. Marginal Analysis
4. Alfred Marshall and Neoclassical Economics
5. Leon Walras and General Equilibrium Economics
6 Institutional and Historical Critics of Neoclassical Economics
7. Austrian Critiques of Neoclassical Economics: Socialism versus Capitalism
8, Socio-Cultural Evolution
705
Chapter V. Summary and Conclusion
Appendix I. Summary of Oxford Handbook of Political Theory
913
Index of Persons and Places and Index of Subjects
985
Book V. The Consolidation of Nation States and Industrialization, 1815-1914
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Contents
Chapter I. Politics and Religion 1815-1914
1. The Concert of Europe: Reaction and Revolution, 1815-1850
9
I-1. The Conservative Order, 1815-1830
The Reaction in Great Britain; the Restoration of France;
Intervention in the Italian States and Spain; Repression in Central Europe;
Russia – Autocracy of the Tsars; the Revolts of Latin America;
The Greek War of Independence; the Change of Ideologies
I-2. Revolution and Reform, 1830-1850
Transformation of the European States;
The Revolution of 1848; Law Enforcement
12
2. The Age of Nationalism and National Unification, 1850-1871
61
39
France under Napoleon III; Unification of Italy; Unification of Germany;
The Austrian Empire toward a Dual Monarchy; the Russian Empire;
Great Britain; United States; the Emergence of Canada; Japan’s Response
3. The Growth of State Power and Imperialism, 1871-1914
France, the Bourgeois Republic; British Political Changes;
The German Empire; Spanish Political Changes; Political Scene in Italy;
The Austro-Hungarian Empire; Russia, Tsarist Autocracy
3-1. Europe’s World Supremacy and Imperialism
Nature and Causes of Imperialism; Imperialism in the Americas;
The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire; the Partition of Africa;
Imperialism in Asia – Holland, Britain, France, and Russia;
Imperialism in Asia – China and Japan; International Rivalry and New Crises
4. Armed Forces and War of European States
107
131
175
The Prussian Army
The French Army
The Royal Navy of Great Britain
The Imperial Russian Army
The United States Army and Navy
5. Religion and Politics in Europe
197
Protestant Europe; American Trends; Roman Catholicism;
Russian Orthodox Church; Islamic Modernism and Revival;
Jews and Anti-Semitism
Endnotes and Suggestions for Further Reading
viii
Book V. The Consolidation of Nation States and Industrialization, 1815-1914
207
Contents
Chapter II. Economy and Society 1815-1914
1. National Income and Patterns of Demand
229
The Growth of National Income; Patterns of Demand
2. Population in Europe
245
Population Growth; Mortality Rates; Birth Rates; Migration
3. The Transformation of European Agriculture
263
Agricultural Population; Geographical Changes; Ways and Means of the Agricultural
Revolution; Specialization-Diversification and the Diffusion of New Techniques:
Agriculture, Industrialization, and Economic Development
4. Technological Progress and the Industrial Revolution
281
Continental Emulation and the Industrial Development;
The Textile Manufacture; Iron and Steel Industry;
Steam Engine; Chemical Industry
5. Commerce with the New Territories and Transport
295
The Extension of Settlement and Trade in the United States:
in Australia and New Zealand; in Canada; in Brazil and Argentine;
5-1. The Development of Transportation and Communication
The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870);
Emergence of Modern Transportation System (1870-1920)
319
6. Finance and Banking and the Industrial Revolution
327
The Emergence of Modern Banking; Industrialization and Banks in Great Britain;
The History of Banks in France; Industrialization and Banks in Belgium;
Industrialization and Banks in Germany; The Service Revolution
7. Mass Society in the Age of Progress, 1817-1914
343
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity; The Industrial Bourgeoisie;
The Working Class or the Proletariat; Social Structures in Mass Society
8. The State and the Industrial Revolution: Country Studies
363
Great Britain; France; Germany;
Russia; the United States; Japan
Endnotes and Suggestions for Further Reading
Book V. The Consolidation of Nation States and Industrialization, 1815-1914
395
ix
Contents
Chapter III. Political Philosophy 1815-1914
1. Liberalism
The Primacy of Individual; Government and Democracy; Classical Liberalism James Madison, Alexis de Tocqueville, William Gladstone, Herbert Spenser;
Modern Liberalism; Liberalism in the 21st Century
421
2. Conservatism
General Characteristics; Forms of Conservatism; Conservatism in the 19th Century
455
3. Socialism
The Meaning of Socialism; the Development of Socialism;
Utopian Socialism; Revolutionary versus Evolutionary Socialism
467
3-1. Marxism: Background; Basic Concepts
3-2. Socialist Theory after Marx
Marx-Leninism – Lenin, Stalin; Social Democracy – Ethical Socialism,
Revisionist Socialism, Crisis of Social Democracy, New Revisionism
485
500
4. Nationalism, Anarchism, and Fascism
Origins of the State; History of Nationalism; Central Themes of Nationalism;
Nationalism and Politics; Internationalism or Cosmopolitanism
521
4-1. Anarchism: Central Theme; Collective Anarchism; Industrial Anarchism
Theorists of Anarchism: Pacifists - Godwin, Proudhon, Tolstoy;
Revolutionaries – Bakunin, Kropotkin, Goldman, Nihilists;
Individual Anarchists – Max Stirner; Militant Civilian Militias
4-2. Fascism: Origins and Development; Fascist and Nazi Ideology
543
5. Feminism, Ecologism, and Religious Fundamentalism
Origins and Development; Central Themes; Sex and Politics
579
5-1. Ecologism: History; Central Themes; Nature and Politics
5-2. Religious Fundamentalism: Central Themes; Fundamentalisms
5-3. Arts and Ideologies: Neoclassism; Romanticism; Realism; Modernism
587
595
605
6. The Reaction against Metaphysical Idealism
Jakob Friedrich Fries; Johann Friedrich Herbart;
Arthur Schopenhauer; Ludwig Feuerbach; Soren Kierkegaard; Friedrich Nietzsche
611
7. Utilitarianism, British Idealism, and Pragmatism
Jeremy Bentham; James Mill; James Stuart Mill
643
7-1. British Idealism: Thomas Green, Francis Bradley, Bernard Bosanquet
7-2. Pragmatism: Charles Peirce, William James, John Dewey, Henri Bergson
662
667
Endnotes and Suggestions for Further Reading
679
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Contents
Chapter IV. Economic Thought and Other Developments 1815-1914
1. John Stuart Mill and the Decline of Classical Economics
Principles of Political Economy: Book I. Production; Book II. Distribution;
Book III. Exchange; Book IV. The Influence of the Progress of Society;
Book V. The Influence of Government
711
2. Karl Marx and his Critique of Classical Economics
Das Kapital, Volume I. The Process of Production of Capital
Das Kapital, Volume II. The Process of Circulation of Capital
Das Kapital, Volume III. The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole
721
3. The Foundations of Marginal Analysis
William Stanley Jevons (1835-82);
Carl Menger (1840-1921); The Austrian School; Principles of Ecnomics
Marginal Analysis of Jevons, Mengers, and Walras
3-1. The Transition to Neoclassical Economics: Marginal Analysis Extended
Marginal Productivity Theory; Profits and Interest; the Agents of Production;
759
4. Alfred Marshal and Neoclassical Economics
Principles of Economics: Book I. Preliminary Survey;
II. Some Fundament Notions; III. On Wants and their Satisfaction:
IV. The Agents of Production;
V. General Relations of Demand, Supply, and Value;
VI. The Distribution of National Income; Appendixes
791
5. Leon Walras and General Equilibrium Economics
General Equilibrium of Consumption; of Production;
General Equilibrium of Exchange; of Social Welfare
5-1 Walrasian General Equilibrium
811
6. Institutional and Historical Critics of Neoclassical Economics
Methodological Controversy: The Older, The Younger; The Youngest;
Torstein Veblen; Wesley Clair Mitchel; John R. Commons; John A. Hobson
835
7. Austrian Critiques of Neoclassical Economics: Socialism versus Capitalism
Definition of Capitalism and Socialism; The Evolution of Austrian Thought;
The Development of Socialist Economic Thought; Communism versus Socialism;
7-1. The Debate Concerning Economic Systems
Ludwig von Mises; Friedrich A. Hayek; Oscar R. Lange; Joseph A. Schumpeter
853
8. Socio-Cultural Evolution
Herbert Spencer; Auguste Comte; Lewis Henry Morgan; Lester Frank Ward;
Max Weber: The Protestant Ethic; General Economic History; Economy and Society
877
Endnotes and Suggestions for Further Reading
896
Book V. The Consolidation of Nation States and Industrialization, 1815-1914
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823
863
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Contents
Chapter V. Summary and Conclusion
1. Summary
915
Politics and Religion; Economy and Society;
Political Philosophy; Economic Thought
2. Conclusion
938
Interactions between Politics and Economy;
Relations between Theory and Practice;
Relations between Major Powers in Europe, 1815-1914
Appendix: Oxford Handbook of Political Economy
951
Part I. Introduction;
Part II. Votes, Candidates, and Pressure Groups;
Part III. Legislative Bodies;
Part IV. Interaction between Three Branches;
Part V. Constitutional Theory;
Part VI. Social Choice;
Part VII. Public Finance;
Part VIII. Politics and Macroeconomics;
Part IX. Democracy & Capitalism; Part X. Historical & Comparative Development;
Part XI. International Political Economy;
XII. International Relations & Conflict;
XIII. Methodological Issues;
XIV. Old and New
Endnotes and References
984
Photo 0-0-1. Return from the Bear Hunt (1882) by William Hahn
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lEpMfd4whFM/UPcJkCwZKtI/AAAAAAAAY18/sFDB06yVDjI/s1600/William+Hahn++Return+from+the+Bear+Hunt+1882.jpg
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Contents
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND PHOTOS
Photo 0-0-1. Return from the Bear Hunt (1882) by William Hahn
Photo 0-0-2. 19th-Century Landscape-Painters
Photo I-0-1. The Congress of Berlin, 1878
Photo I-0-2. Diplomats at the Congress of Paris, 1856, settled the Crimean War
Photo I-1-1. The End of the Congress of Vienna, 1814
Figure I-1-1. The Revolt of Latin America
Photo I-1-2. The Naval Battle of Navarino painted by Garneray (1827)
Photo I-1-3. What is an example of utopian socialism?
Photo I-1-4. Romanticism (Art History)
Photo I-1-5. Photo I-1-5. French Revolution of 1848
Photo I-1-6. Chartist Agitation, the Police Force on Bonner’s Field, 1848 in London
Photo I-1-7. The French Revolution of 1848: Barricades in Paris
Photo I-2-1. Napoleon III, Emperor of the Second French Empire, reigned 1852-70
Photo I-2-2. Arrival of French Marshall Randon in Algiers in 1857
Photo I-2-3. Capture of Saigon by Charles Rigault de Genouilly on 18 February 1859
Photo I-2-4 Garibaldi Arrived in Sicily on May 11, 1860
Photo I-2-5. The Proclamation of the Foundation of the German Reich, 1871
Photo I-2-6. The Convergence of Prussian Leadership after the 1960s
Photo I-2-7. Prussian troops marching past the Arc de Triomphe in Paris in January 1871
Photo I-2-8. Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (1905)
Photo I-2-9. Alexander II of Russia by A. M. Wegner (1870s)
Photo I-2-10. Queen Victoria with Members and her Families
Photo I-2-11. Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President (1861-65)
Photo I-2-12. The Canadian Nature in the Nineteenth Century
Photo I-2-13. Meiji Modernization
Photo I-2-14. Meiji Constitution Promulgation (1868-1912)
Photo I-3-1. The Battle of the First Carlist War (1833-39) in Spain
Photo I-3-2. British Assault on Canton during the First Opium War, May 1841
Photo I-3-3. The Anglo-Boer Wars (1880-81 and 1899-1902)
Figure I-3-1. Imperialism: Europe, Africa, India, and other Asia, 1871-1914
Photo I-3-4. The Berlin Conference (1884) chaired by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
Photo I-3-5. Mexican-American War Siege of Veracruz in Mexico by Troops
Photo I-3-6. Panama Canal
Photo I-3-7. The Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78
Photo I-3-8. The Opening of the Suez Canal on November 17, 1869
Photo I-3-9. The First Anglo-Sikh War, 1845-46
Photo I-3-10. The First Sino-Japanese War: The Chinese Battleship
Photo I-3-11. The Balkan War, Retreat of the Turkish Army in Macedonia, 1912
Photo I-4-1. German Army around 1900
Photo I-4-2. The Royal Navy during 1897-1900
Photo I-4-3. Karl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) (Left)
Photo I-4-4. Antoine Henri de Jomini (1779-1869) (Right)
Photo I-4-5. Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914) (Left)
Photo I-4-6. Helmuth von Moltke the Elder (1800-91) (Right)
Photo II-0-1. Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830
Photo II-0-2. Manchester, England (Cottonpolis), pictured in 1840
Figure II-1-1. Global Workforce by Educational Qualifications (2006)
Figure II-1-2. Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation (% of GDP)
Figure II-2-1. World Population Growth, 1750-2100
Photo II-2-1. Population: Westward Expansion in 19th Century America
Book V. The Consolidation of Nation States and Industrialization, 1815-1914
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Contents
Table II-2-1. The World Population, 1800-1950 (in Millions)
Table II-2-2. Estimated Population of European Countries, 1800-1910 (in Millions)
Table II-2-3. Annual Rates of Population Growth in European Countries, 1800-1900
Table II-2.4. The Mortality Rate, 1851-1910, Selected Nations in Europe
Table II-2-5. The Number of Survivors in Average out of 10,000 Born in France
Table II-2-6. Life Expectancy (years in average)
Figure II-2-2. Demographic Transition Overview: Birth Rate, Death Rate, Natural Increase
Table II-2-7. The Birth Rates by Countries, 1908-12
Table II-2-8. The Proportion of Age Groups over 1,000 Inhabitants (France)
Table II-2-9. The Proportion of Age Groups per 1,000 Inhabitants (Sweden)
Photo II-2-2. Immigration, 19th Century Onwards – Agricultural Workers
Photo II-3-1. Threshing Machine
Photo II-3-2. Agricultural Machine Plough pulled by Steam Engine, 19th Century
Photo II-4-1. One-cylinder gasoline engine, c. 1910
Photo II-4-2. The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park for Grand International Exhibition of 1851
Table II-4-1. Economic Development in Europe: Output or Capacity in 1850, 1860, and 1873
Photo II-4-3. Roberts Self-Acting Mule with Quadrant Gearing (Left)
Photo II-4-4. Roberts Power Loom in a weaving shed in 1835 (Right)
Table II-4-2. The Number of Looms in Great Britain, Selected Years
Table II-4-3. Cotton Spindlage in Major Countries, Selected Years (in 1,000)
Table II-4-4. Substitution of Mineral for Vegetable Fuel in Smelting Iron
Photo II=4-5. A Rolling Mill in Operation in the Nineteenth Century
Photo ii-4-6. Corliss Steam-engine
Table II-4-5. Capacity of all Steam-engines (in 1,000 of horse power)
Table II-4-6. Fixed Steam-engines and Capacity by Country
Photo II-5-1. Merchant Ships fill San Francisco Harbor, 1850-51
Photo II-5-2. Australian Gold Diggings, by Edwin Stocqueler, c. 1855 (Left)
Photo II-5-3. Australian Merino Sheep (More than 80% of all Austrian sheep) (Right)
Table II-5-1. Share of Major Brazilian Exports of Total Exports, 1821-1850 (%)
Photo II-5-4. The Automobile appeared at the Boston Automobile Show on 29 February 1912
Photo II-5-5. RMS Lusitania arriving in New York from Liverpool, England, in 1907
Photo II-5-6. The Sydney Express, circa 1900
Photo II-5-7. Aqueduct over the Mohawk River at Rexford
Photo II-5-8. Code of Letters and Symbols for Chappe Telegraph (Left)
Photo II-5-9. Stock Telegraph Ticker Machine by Thomas Edison (Right)
Figure II-5-1. Modern Transport Geography
Photo II-6-1. A Convertible Bank of Japan Note
Photo II-6-2. Bank of England, interior view, Hall
Table II-6-1. The Sectoral Change in the British Economy, 1801-1901
Photo II-7-1. Rejection of 19th Century Bourgeois Society
Photo II-7-2. The British Working Class Movement to the 1926 General Strike
Photo II-7-3. Female Slavery in Mines
Photo II-7-4. A Victorian Slum: A Picture of the Seven Dials District of London in 1872
Photo II-7-5. Social Structures in Mass Society, 1870
Photo II-8-1. Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte by George Seurat
Photo II-8-2. Steam Train on Tripoli, Lebanon, c. 1900-1920
Table II-8-1. Average Annual Net Investment in Prussia, 1816-49
Table II-8-2. The Development of Production in Russia (in million poods)
Table II-8-3. Capital Stock by Sector (1913 Prices, million roubles)
Photo II-8-3. Immigrants at Ellis Island early 1900’s waiting for their physical exam
Photo II-8-4. Industrial Revolution in the United States of America
Photo II-8-5. The Sino-Japanese War: Imperial Japanese Forces in Action
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Contents
Photo II-8-6. Nagasaki Giant Cantilever Crane in 1913
Photo II-8-7. The Most Striking Quality of Japan in the Meiji Restoration
Photo III-0-1. European Imperialism on Africa: the Idea of Nationalism
Table III-0-1. The Changing Spectrum of Specific Policies
Table III-0-2. A Comparison of Political Spectrums
Figure III-0-1. Marxists’ View of the History of the World’s Economies
Figure III-0-2. The Horseshoe Spectrum of Political Ideology
Figure III-0-3. Two Dimensional Spectrum of Political Ideology
Photo III-1-1. James Madison, 4th President of the United States (1809-17) (Left)
Photo III-1-2. William Ewart Gladstone, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1892-94) (Right)
Photo III-1-3. Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-59) (Left)
Photo III-1-4. Herbert Spenser (1820-1903) (Right)
Photo III-2-1. Benjamin Disraeli, Speech in the House of Commons (5 February 1863)
Photo III-2-2. Klemens von Metternich in 1815 (Left)
Photo III-2-3. Otto von Bismarck in 1881 (Right)
Photo III-3-1. Karl Marx (Left) and Friedrich Engels (Right)
Photo III-3-2. Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) (Left)
Photo III-3-3. Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) (Right)
Photo III-3-4. Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) (Left)
Photo III-3-5. Robert Owen (1771-1858) (Right)
Photo III-3-6. Charles Fourier (1772-1837) (Left)
Photo III-3-7. Etienne Cabet (1788-1856) (Right)
Table III-3-1. Time Line of the Socialists Movement (Dates are approximate)
Table III-3-2. Marxian Abstract of Society’s Structure
Table III-3-3. Developing Stages of Society with Marxian Dialectic
Table III-3-4. Tensions within Socialism: Social Democracy versus Communism
Table III-3-5. Tensions within Socialism: The Third Way versus Social Democracy
Photo III-4-1. Nationalism
Photo III-4-2. Nationalists and Liberal Pressure led to the European Revolution of 1848
Table III-4-1. Tension within Nationalism (1)
Table III-4-2. Tension within Nationalism (2)
Photo III-4-3. Russian Anarchists in the Labor Movement in the early 20th Century
Photo III-4-4. Anti-Militarism
Table III-4-3. Tension within Anarchism
Photo III-4-5. William Godwin (1756-1836) (Left)
Photo III-4-6. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) (Right)
Photo III-4-7. Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) (Left)
Photo III-4-8. Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921) (Right)
Photo III-4-9. German Sepctators at the 1937 Reich Party Day Celebration in Nuremberg
Photo III-4-10. Perspectives on Italian Fascism
Photo III-5-1. Louise Weiss along with other Parisian Suffragettes in 1935:
Photo III-5-2. Blue Marble composite images generated by NASA in 2001 and 2002.
Table III-5-1. Tensions between Egalitarian and Difference Feminism
Table III-5-2. Tensions between Liberal and Radical Feminism
Photo III-5-3. Herd of African Elephants: Nature
Table III-5-3. Tensions between Shallow and Deep Ecologism
Photo III-5-4. Religious Fundamentalism may be categorized as Mental Illness to be Cured.
Photo III-5-5. Islamic Fundamentalism, the Arab Spring, and the Left
Photo III-5-6. Mount Rushmore, Monument: Landmark Scene
Table III-5-4. Comparison for Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Modernism
Photo III-5-7. Anton Raphael Mengs, Judgment of Paris, c. 1757, bought by Catherine the Great
Photo III-5-8. Romanticism: Life, Literature and Landscape
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Contents
Photo III-5-9. Jean-Francois Millet, The Gleaners, 1857
Photo III-5-10. Pablo Picasso’s Guernica, 1937, Protest against Fascism
Photo III-6-1 Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) (Left)
Photo III-6-2. Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach (1804-72) (Right)
Photo III-6-3. Soren Kierkegaard (1813-55) (Left)
Photo III-7-4. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) (Right)
Photo III-7-1. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
Photo III-7-2 John Stuart Mill (1806-73)
Figure III-7-1. Utility Maximization, Indifference Curves
Photo III-7-3. Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) (Left)
Photo III-7-4. William James (1842-1910) (Right)
Photo III-7-5. John Dewey (1859-1952) (Left)
Photo III-7-6. Henri Bergson (1859-1941) (Right)
Photo III-7-7. The Chicago Club including Mead, Dewey, Angell, and Moore (1896)
Photo IV-0-1. 19th Century Theatre and Performance
Photo IV-0-2. Marx, Engels, and Marx’s Daughter
Photo IV-0-3. Principles of Economics, the book title used by Alfred Marshall (1890)
Photo IV-1-1. A Wharf in Quebec, late 19th Century
Photo IV-1-2. Telling Tales: Stories and Legends in the 19th-Century American Art
Photo IV-2-1. Marx believed that industrial workers (the proletariat) would rise up around the world.
Photo IV-3-1. Stanley Jevons (1835-82) (Top Left)
Photo IV-3-2. Carl Menger (1840-1921) (Top Right)
Photo IV-3-3. Alfred Marshall (1841-1924) (Bottom Left)
Photo IV-3-3. Leon Walras (1834-1910) (Bottom Right)
Table IV-3-1. Major Authors after the First Generation of Marginal Theorists
Figure IV-3-1. Diminishing Marginal Returns
Figure IV-3-2. Knut Wicksell on Product Exhaustion
Photo IV-4-1. Monet: Women with a Parasol, 1886.
Photo IV-4-2. Pierre-Auguste Renoir: Luncheon of the Boating Party, 1880-81
Figure IV-4-1. Consumer Surplus or Marshallian Surplus
Figure IV-4-2. Changes that raise or lower the supply schedule (Constant Return) (Left)
Figure IV-4-3. Changes that raise or lower the supply schedule (Diminishing Return) (Right)
Figure IV-5-1. Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution
Figure IV-5-2. Utility Maximization subject to Budget Constraint
Figure IV-5-3. General Equilibrium in Exchange
Figure IV-5-4. The Utility Possibility Frontier (UPF)
Figure IV-5-5. Diminishing Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution
Figure IV-5-6. The Principle of Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution
Figure IV-5-7. The Economic Region of Production
Figure IV-5-8. Edgeworth Box of Production
Figure IV-5-9. General Equilibrium - Production Possibility Frontier
Figure IV-5-10. The Paretian System – General Equilibrium
Figure IV-5-11. Production Possibility Frontier (Nation A)
Figure IV-5-12. General Equilibrium of International Trade
Figure IV-5-13. Using a Social Welfare Function to Find the Social Optimum
Figure IV-5-14. Economic Efficiency and Pareto Optimality Marginal Condition
Table IV-5-1. Partial Equilibrium versus General Equilibrium
Table IV-5-2. Contents of Elements of Pure Economics (1954 in English)
Figure IV-5-15. Edgeworth Box of Production: Pareto Optimality on the Contract Curve
Table IV-6-1. Important Writers
Photo IV-6-1. Torstein Veblen (1857-1929) (Upper Left)
Photo IV-6-2. Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874-1948) (Upper Right)
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Photo IV-6-3. John R. Commons (1862-1945) (Lower Left)
Photo IV-6-4. John A. Hobson (1858-1940) (Lower Right)
Table IV-7-1. Important Writers
Table IV-7-2. The Timeline of Comparison: Capitalism versus Socialism
Table IV-7-3. Comparison: Capitalism versus Socialism
Table IV-7-4. Comparison: Communism versus Socialism
Photo IV-7-1. Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973) (Upper Left)
Photo IV-7-2. Friedrich A. Hayek (1899-1992) (Upper Right)
Photo IV-7-3. Oscar R. Lange (1904-65) (Bottom Left)
Photo IV-7-4. Joseph A. Schumpeter (1883-1950) (Bottom Right)
Table IV-8-1. Contents of the General History of Philosophy
Table IV-8-2. Contents of Economy and Society by Max Weber
Photo IV-8-1. Auguste Comte (1798-1857) (Left)
Photo IV-8-2. Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-81) (Right)
Photo IV-8-3. Lester Frank Ward (1841-1913) (Left)
Photo IV-8-4. Max Weber (1864-1920) (Right)
Photo IV-8-5. Children in 19th Century Art reflects Nation’s Fears, Dreams
Photo V-0-1. Construction of the First Macadam Road in the U.S. (1823)
Table VI-2-1. Relations between Political Theories and Practices
Table VI-2-2. Relations between Economic Theories and Practices
Table V-2-3. Four Powers Relations during 1815-1914
Photo V-3-1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l'oeconomie politique, 1758 (Top)
Photo V-3-2. The Cover Page of Political Economy (2006) (Bottom)
LIST OF MAPS
Map I-0-1. Government Revenues in the Early 20th Century
Map I-1-1. National Boundaries within Europe set by the Congress of Vienna, 1815
Map I-1-2. Latin American Independence, 1810-38
Map I-1-3. Russo-Turkish War 1828-29
Map I-1-4. Nationalism: Linguistic Maps of Europe in the Nineteenth Century
Map I-1-5. Major Events of the Revolutions in Europe, 1848-1849
Map I-1-6. The House of Commons: Membership Change of County by the Reform Act of 1832
Map I-2-1. Europe in 1871
Map I-2-2. The Crimean War, 1853-56
Map I-2-3. The Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War, September 1854
Map I-2-4. The Unification of Italy, 1859-1870
Map I-2-5. The Unification of Germany 1866-1871
Map I-2-6. The Ethnic Groups of Austria-Hungary in 1910
Map I-2-7. Expansion of Russia, 1642-1947
Map I-2-8. The British Empire in the Victorian Age (Historical)
Map I-2-9. American Civil War, 1861-65
Map I-2-10. Canadian Confederation, 1898
Map I-3-1. Europe 1914
Map I-3-2. Imperialism and the Balance of Power
Map I-3-3. The Mexican War, 1846-1848
Map I-3-4. The Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78
Map I-3-5. The Partition of Africa, 1914 - Colonial Countries
Map I-3-6. Imperialism in Asia, 1840-1914
Map I-3-7. The Dutch East Indies: Territorial Expansion from 1800 to 1942
Map I-3-8. French Expansion in Indochina (1859-1907)
Book V. The Consolidation of Nation States and Industrialization, 1815-1914
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Contents
Map I-3-9. The Growth of British Power in India, 1805-1914
Map I-3-10. Treaty Ports and the Boxer Rebellion in China
Map I-3-11. The First Sino-Japanese War, 1894-95
Map I-3-12. The Russo-Japanese War
Map I-3-13. The Route of Baltic Fleet, To and Back
Map I-3-14. Balkans after First Balkan War, 1912
Map I-5-1. Religion in Europe in the 19th Century
Map II-2-1. World Population Density in 1994
Map II-2-2. Global Migration Last 500 Years
Map II-5-1. Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)
Map II-5-2. Australia and New Zealand, 1788-1911
Map II-5-3. Canada in around 1850
Map II-5-4. Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration
Map II-5-5. European-born Argentines by Provinces and Territories (1914 Argentine Census)
Map II-5-6. The Erie Canal, the State of New York
Map II-8-1. World Colonial Empire, 1900
Map II-8-2. NW European Railways: France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, England, 1900
Map II-8-3. Moscow to St. Petersburg Railway, 1857
Map IV-2-1. A Map of Countries that declared themselves to be Socialist States
Photo 0-0-2. 19th-Century Landscape-Painters
http://image.masterart.com/tsmedia/LeSphinxLephoto/LeSphinx3122010T18297.tif?qlt=75&cell=1800,1800&cvt=jpeg
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Book V. The Consolidation of Nation States and Industrialization, 1815-1914