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Civil War Vocabulary List - Missouri Compromise of 1820- Missouri Economic, Social & Political Events - Anti-Slavery Movement- Main became slave state, Maine a free state, territories above 36’30 would be free - Dred Scott v. Sanford- Scott sued for freedom on basis of living in free territory with his owner; Supreme Court ruled against Scott; also ruled that Congress could not prohibit slavery in any federal territory - Compromise of 1850- Resolution by Henry Clay that temporarily settled the slavery issue between the North and South; Included: 1. California would be a free state 2. New Mexico & Utah would decide the slavery issue themselves (popular sovereignty) 3. Sale of slaves in DC abolished 4. Texas gave up claims to New Mexico for 10 million dollars 5. A stronger Fugitive Slave Act was passed - Fugitive Slave Law- All citizens in the US had to assist in the return of runaway slaves - Raid on Harper’s Ferry- Attack on the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, in an attempt to arm the slaves for an uprising; led by John Brown who was captured and hanged organization was American Antislavery Society - Slave Codes- Passed by Southerners to further restrict slaves because of rebellions such as Nat Turner’s - Underground Railroad- Network of escape routes to the North - Harriet Tubman- Escaped slave who became a conductor on the Underground Railroad - Kansas-Nebraska Act- 1854 federal law that established popular sovereignty in newly organized territories and overturned the Missouri Compromise - Popular Sovereignty- Idea by which the people of a territory decide the slavery issue by vote - Bleeding Kansas- Nickname for Kansas that resulted after proslavery and antislavery forces began fighting over the slavery issue - John Brown- First white American abolitionist to advocate and practice insurrection as a means to the abolition of slavery; belief in confrontation led him to kill five pro-slavery southerners in what became known as the Pottawatomie Massacre in May 1856; response to the raid of the "free soil" city of Lawrence - Sumner-Brooks Incident- Cane beating of Senator Charles Sumner by Congressman Preston Brooks; resulted from Sumner’s remarks about the Kansas-Nebraska Act and Brooks’ relative Senator Andrew Butler - Free Soil Party- Political party formed by antislavery Whigs and Democrats in 1848; opposed the expansion of slavery into the territories - Republican Party- Formed as a direct reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act; did not want to see slavery expand into the territories - Lincoln-Douglas Debates- Debates held during Illinois Senate campaign; Lincoln asserted his belief that slavery was “a moral, social, and political wrong”; Douglas reaffirmed his belief that the people could still prohibit slavery in a territory by refusing to pass the local laws to make it work - Freeport Doctrine- Position held by Stephen Douglas that people in a territory have the power to prohibit slavery by refusing to pass local laws necessary to make a slave system work Causes of the Civil War - Election of 1860- Candidates: Stephen Douglas, John Breckinridge, John Bell, and Abraham Lincoln; Lincoln received only 40% of the popular vote but his electoral vote was a landslide with 180 votes; seven southern states decided to secede because Lincoln won without winning a single southern state - Lincoln- Sixteenth President of the United States (1861-1865); known for his effective leadership during the Civil War and his Emancipation Proclamation declaring the end of slavery in Confederate-held territory - Secession- After Lincoln was elected, but before he was inaugurated, seven Southern states withdrew from the US; Buchanan, the lame duck president, decided to leave the problem for Lincoln to take care of - Fort Sumter, SC- Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War; one of only two forts in the South still under Union control; on April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14; Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day - Confederacy- Joining of 11 southern states into the Confederate States of America - Jefferson Davis- Chosen as president of the Confederacy in 1861 1 Civil War Vocabulary List - Western campaign- Union attempts to The Civil War - Robert E. Lee- General of Confederate capture and control Mississippi River -New Orleans- major port at mouth of Mississippi- captured by Union in 1863 - Vicksburg- Site of battle in Mississippi in which Grant besieged the city for six months until the Confederates surrendered; allowed the Union control of the Mississippi River - Writ of Habeas Corpus- Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them; throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts - Election of 1864- Candidates: Abraham Lincoln and George McClellan; Lincoln won with 212 electoral votes to 21, the popular vote was much closer; Lincoln had fired McClellan as commanding general of Union troops - William T. Sherman’s March- General William T. Sherman’s march through the South from Chattanooga to Atlanta, Savannah, and back up to Bentonville and Durham, North Carolina; Sherman launched a campaign of total war, destroying anything the Confederates could use in the war - Anaconda Plan- U.S. General-in-Chief Winfield Scott’s plan to defeat the Confederacy: blockade the southern & eastern coasts, seize control of the Mississippi River so as to break the Confederacy in two and then strike from all sides at once - Copperheads- Lincoln believed that anti-war Northern Democrats harbored traitorous ideas and he labeled them “Copperheads”; poisonous snakes waiting to get him forces during the Civil War; surrendered Confederate forces to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse - Thomas “Stonewall” JacksonConfederate general known for his swift strikes against Union forces; earned nickname Stonewall by holding his forces steady under extreme pressure at the First Battle of Manassas; died of pneumonia after being shot by one of his own men at the Battle of Chancellorsville - George McClellan- Early Union army leader in the Civil War; careful organizer and planner who moved too slowly for northern politicians; ran against President Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1864 - Ulysses S. Grant- Commander of Union forces during the Civil War; accepted Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse - Eastern campaign- Union attempts to capture Confederate capitol of Richmond - First Battle of Bull Run/ManassasConfederate soldiers charged Union men who were en route to besiege Richmond; Union troops fled back to Washington; Confederates didn’t realize their victory in time to follow; first major battle of the Civil War – both sides were ill-prepared - Antietam- General Lee led his army into enemy territory in Maryland, hoping to gain a major victory in order to convince Britain to give official recognition & support to the Confederacy; Union troops intercepted the Confederate troops and the bloodiest single day of the war resulted; Lee retreated to Virginia - Emancipation Proclamation- issued Sept. 22, 1862 after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam; Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded; Lincoln had no power to enforce the law - Chancellorsville- fought in VirginiaConfederacy wins but Stonewall Jackson killed - Gettysburg- Considered bloodiest battle of the war; major turning point; South invaded North and lost; France & Great Britain would not come in on the side of the Confederacy - Gettysburg Address- A two-minute speech by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg (Nov. 19, 1863) - African-American ParticipationApproximately 180,000 escaped slaves and freemen served in Union Army - Appomattox Courthouse- Location of Confederate General Lee’s surrender to Union General Grant ending the Civil War - John Wilkes Booth- Shot Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre on April 14, 1865; escaped by jumping onto the stage (broke his leg) and fleeing town on a waiting horse; later found in a barn and refused to come out; barn was then set on fire; Booth was shot, either by himself or a soldier 2